William Maclure
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| William Maclure | |
 William Maclure
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| Born | 27 October 1763 Ayr, Scotland |
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| Died | March 23, 1840 San Angel, Mexico |
| Nationality | American |
| Fields | geology |
William Maclure, American - British social experimenter on new types of community life together with British social reformer Robert Owen, (1771 - 1854), in Indiana State, U. S. A..Maclure , (Born 1763 in Ayr, Scotland – March 23, 1840), aged 77, at San Angel, Mexico), was an American geologist, the unpaid maker of the rather accurate first geological map of the United States in 1809, six years before the Geological Map of England by William Smith.
He lived in Switzerland, being impressed with the today called "Pestalozzi"School System, from Swiss pedagogist Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, (1746-1827), in France during the Napoleonic ephemeral Empire and then in Alicante, Spain, during the three years, between 1820 and 1823, known as the Constitutional Period.
In 1826, he was the President of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Maclure was born at Ayr in Scotland. After a brief visit to New York in 1782 he began active life as a partner in a London firm of American merchants. In 1796 business affairs took him to Virginia, U.S.A., which he thereafter made his home. In 1803 he visited France as one of the commissioners appointed to settle the claims of American citizens on the French government; and during the few years then spent in Europe he applied himself with enthusiasm to the study of geology.
On his return home in 1807 he commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being crossed and recrossed some fifty times. The results of his unaided labours were submitted to the American Philosophical Society in a memoir entitled Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map, and published in the Society's Transactions (vol. iv. 1809, p. 91) together with the first geological map of that country. This antedates William Smith's geological map of England by six years.
In 1817 Maclure, resident in Europe, brought before the same society a revised edition of his map, and his great geological memoir was issued separately, with some additional matter, under the title Observations on the Geology of the United States of America. Subsequent survey has corroborated the general accuracy of Maclure's observations.
In 1812, while in France, Maclure became a member of the newly founded Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP). In 1817 Maclure became president of the ANSP, a post he held for the next twenty-two years.
In 1819 he visited Spain, and attempted, unsuccessfully, to establish an agricultural college near the city of Alicante. Returning to America in 1824, he settled for some years at New Harmony, Indiana, and sought to develop his scheme of the agricultural college. Failing health ultimately constrained him to relinquish the attempt, and to seek (in 1827) a more congenial climate in Mexico. There, at San Angel, he died, aged 77, 1840 .
Mount Maclure in Yosemite National Park is named after Maclure.
[edit] References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/histgeol/maclure/maclure.htm Biography of William Maclure
- http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/maclure.html William Maclure in New Harmony
- http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/wmi.html New Harmony Workingmen's Institute, legacy of William Maclure
- http://www.ansp.org/about/history.php Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
- Donald E. PITZER, "William Maclure's Boatload of Knowledge: Science and Education into the Midwest," Indiana Magazine of History, 94, (1998) 110-135.
- The European Journals of William Maclure,Autor William Maclure, edited by John S. DONSKEY. DIANE Publishing, (1988), ISBN 087169171X, 9780871691712), 815 pages.
- Alberto GIL NOVALES. (prof. Univ. Barcelona). Maclure en España. Publisher: Iniciativas de Cultura (1981), 168 pages.
[The following dreck makes no sense in English and should either be edited or removed:]
Many of the failed experience of "New Harmony" in Indiana State would be communistic children, known as "Owen", a midname today in England from sometimes "progressive" parents, were much influenced by Maclure and managed to be notorious geologists , naturalists or botanists such as:
Robert Dale Owen, (1801-1877) social reformer
William Owen, (1802-1842) citizen of New Harmony
David Dale Owen, (1807-1860), geologist, artist
Jane Dale Owen Fauntleroy,(1806-1861), educator.
Richard Owen, (1810-1890) geologist, first president of Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, U. S. A.
They interacted there with the best contemporary crop of geologists, social reformers, botanists, paleobotanists, etnologists, civil engineers, etc.
The European Journals of William Maclure,Autor William Maclure, edited by John S. DONSKEY. DIANE Publishing, (1988), ISBN 087169171X, 9780871691712), 815 pages. Here is the Index retrieved for over 600 pages of this monumental book:
William Maclure, geology, Benjamin Silliman. A rearranged transcription of some words to be found in the original book: start, page 1:From Paris June 30 1805 to Grindelwald, basalt, Airolo, Chamonix.
page 67:Lauterbrunnen Switzerland Sept. Clos de Vougeot, Lake Lucerne, Linth
page 83:Paris Nov 3 1807 to Ales France Dec. gneiss, schist, Chaudes-Aigues
page 101: Ales France Dec 10 1807 to Manresa SpainMontpellier, puddingstone, Le Boulou
page 121: Cardona Spain Feb 6 1808 to Alicante. Torredembarra, Alicante, gypsum
page 143: Cape de Gata Thursday Apr. calash, Diego de Siloe, Iznalloz
page 163: Uppsala Sweden Nov. Stockholm, Karl XIII, Rothoff
page 215: Norrkopping Sweden Jan. Tornio, Stockholm, Celsius
page 255:Enalambi Finland Mar 27 1810 to Valda versts, Petersburg, rubles
page 297: Lanchakrak Russia Aug 9 1810 to Cracow, versts, Tul'chin, Vistula
page 339: Basle Switzerland Aug 18 1811 to Ala in Brentonico, goitres, Baveno
page 377:Monte Baldo Italy Sept 26 1811 to Trieste Brentonico, Cavalese, Predazzo
page 421:Montefalcone Italy Oct 29 1811 to Florence analcime, Valdagno, Euganean Hills
page 457: Florence Italy Dec 1 1811 to Naples Italy leucites, Naples, augites
page 499: Mar. Taro River, Paestum, Radicofani
page 539:Turin Italy May 10 1812 to Limoges France goitres, granite, Mont Cenis
page 581 Limoges France June 8 1812 to Paris France Beurlay, Angouleme, Charente River
page 613: Paris July 3 1813 to Paris October Act of Mediation, Jussey, Linthal
page 665:Paris January 30 1814 to Fontainebleau Le Havre, Thomas Say, Orihuela
page 747:A Notes on the geology of Auvergne and Switzerland schorl
page 755:Hints On The Arrangement Hundwil, Boudri, Neuchatel
page 763:G Record of time spent in traveling from place Airolo, francs, Martigny
page 770: J List of books and maps carried by J C Cabell Berchem, Canton, Grisons
page 773:Notes entitled Across the Chain of the Vosges Topazolite, Galena, Cantal
page 780: P List of cases of rock specimens collected by Maclure analcime, Laibach, Verona
page 787 U Reference to a Captain Simiot plus an evaluation
Index xiv Samuel George Morton, Charles Alexandre Lesueur, Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz Diagrams and Sketches xxxiii David Dale Owen, Cosne, Riom Current of lava at the Puy de la Nugere 5 Lempdes, Clermont, Le Puy Line of basalt and granite peaks 31 Vizille, Grenoble, Vivarais Sketch of the stratification of St Gotthard 72 Clos de Vougeot, Magnac-Bourg, Camisards Coal seams at Lapleau 89 Chaudes-Aigues, Lapleau, Aurillac Vein of galenite near Alliac 97 Le Bleymard, cupel, Quissac Sketch of the chambers used for making 103 Montpellier, Montferrier, Bessan Stone found in volcanic breccia near 110 Le Boulou, Perpignan, La Junquera Mountain of freestone or greywacke southwest 115 Montserrat, Barcelona, Tordera Stratification from Cardona to Barcelona 122 Torredembarra, Tarragona, Charles IV Sketch of the terrain around Darro 148 Swedish sleigh on dual sleds 180 Device for showing pressure on a steam 198 Chaptals plan of chambers for making 207 Outline of the hills near Docksta 240 Russian still for making brandy 271 Arrangement for Argand lamps 279 Sketch of a Russian plough 295 Outline of the mountains south of Lemberg 315 Transition formation at Miedziana Gora 327 Example of stratification from Geneva to 347 Rough sketch of the relative situation of 363 Alternation of Tofo and basalt near 374 Strata in the mountains near Brentonico 378 No 49B Geological profile of the country from Lavis 391 Chamber for condensing mercury at Idria 412 Strata of trap and calcaire at Castel 440 Steatitic rock or serpentine at a hill called 458 Grinding mills found at Pompeii 480 System of supporting grapevines on trees 527 Detail of pise construction at Les Echelles 554 Bed of flints overlaying a bed of Gryphytes 603 Maps of Routes Traveled by Maclure xxiv France and Switzerland 1 France and Spain 82 Spain 142 Sweden 163 Sweden Finland and Russia 214 Russia 254 Grand Duchy of Warsaw 323 Switzerland and Italy 338 Italy and the Illyrian Provinces 376 Italy and the Illyrian Provinces 420 Italy and the Illyrian Provinces 456 Italy and France 580 France 612 Ireland Scotland and England 674
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