Tongzhi Emperor
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| Tongzhi Emperor 同治帝 |
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| Reign | 16 July 1861 - 12 January 1875 (13 years, 180 days) |
| Predecessor | Xianfeng Emperor |
| Regent | Sushun, Zaiyuan, Duanhua (1861) Empress Dowager Ci'an, Empress Dowager Cixi (1861-1875) |
| Successor | Guangxu Emperor |
| Spouse | Empress Xiao Zhe Yi |
| Full name | |
| Chinese: Aixin-Jueluo Zaichun 愛新覺羅載淳 Manchu: Aisin-Gioro Dzai Šun |
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| Era name and dates | |
| Qixiang 祺祥 (have not been used) Chinese: Tóngzhì 同治 Manchu: Yooningga dasan Mongolian: Burintu Zasagchi Khagan: January 30, 1862 – February 5, 1875 |
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| Posthumous name | |
| Emperor Jitian Kaiyun Shouzhong Juzheng Baoda Dinggong Shengzhi Chengxiao Xinmin Gongkuan Yi 繼天開運受中居正保大定功聖智誠孝信敏恭寬毅皇帝 |
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| Temple name | |
| Mùzōng 穆宗 | |
| Father | Xianfeng Emperor |
| Mother | Empress Dowager Cixi |
| Born | 27 April 1856 Forbidden City, Beijing |
| Died | 12 January 1875 (aged 18) Forbidden City, Beijing |
| Burial | Eastern Qing Tombs, Zunhua |
The Tongzhi Emperor (Chinese: 同治帝; pinyin: Tóngzhìdì, April 27, 1856–January 12, 1875), born Zaichun, was the ninth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the eighth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1861 to 1875. His reign, which effectively lasted through his adolescence, was largely overshadowed by the rule of his mother, the Empress Dowager Cixi. Although he had little influence over court affairs, the time of his reign gave rise to what historians call the "Tongzhi Restoration" (Chinese: 同治中兴), an unsuccessful attempt to stabilize and modernize China.
[edit] Biography
The only surviving son of the Xianfeng Emperor and the Empress Dowager Cixi, Tongzhi attempted political reform in the period of the Tongzhi Restoration. His first reign name was Qixiang (祺祥; Man: fengšengge sabingga), but this name was later abandoned by Cixi in favour of Tongzhi, a contraction of the classical phrase tóngguī yǔ zhì (Simplified Chinese: 同归与治, Traditional Chinese: 同歸與治), which means "to reform/restore together a state of order", although it has been interpreted as "to rule the state with a united mother/son team" (Simplified and traditional Chinese: 母子同治天下), which fits the description, as his mother, Empress Dowager Cixi, wielded the real power and ruled behind the scene. The traditional Chinese political phrase "attending audiences behind a curtain" chuí lián tīng zhèng (Simplified Chinese: 垂帘听政, Traditional Chinese: 垂簾聽政), which had already been used earlier in Chinese history, was used to describe Cixi's rule through her son, the Tongzhi Emperor. The phrase can still be heard in contemporary Chinese politics.
Tongzhi became emperor at the age of five when his father, the Xianfeng Emperor died. His birth mother, Empress Dowager Cixi, his father's Empress, the Empress Dowager Ci'an, and his uncle, Prince Gong, became regents after removing the former regent, Sushun.
Tongzhi married Lady Alute from a Mongol clan and died of smallpox at the age of 18. He was buried in the Eastern Qing Tombs in Hebei province. He had no sons to succeed him. Folklore[who?] says that Tongzhi died from a sexually transmitted disease, specifically syphilis, due to his alleged affairs with prostitutes outside of the palace, and that the smallpox diagnosis was given only because the mere discussion of sexually transmitted diseases in China was taboo. However, no credible evidence exists to substantiate the rumours.
His mothers, the two dowagers, resumed regency after appointing 1st Prince Chun's son, Guangxu, his reigning title.
A few months after Tongzhi's death, Empress Alute died. It is said that she either committed suicide or that Cixi starved her to death by cutting off her food supply.
Chinese Tongzhi ceramics and other courtly arts of the period are sometimes said to suffer from a diminishment of quantity and sometimes quality.
[edit] Family
- Father: Xianfeng Emperor
- Mother: Noble Consort Yi (Empress Dowager Cixi)
[edit] Consorts
- Empress Xiao Zhe Yi, (Chinese: 孝哲毅皇后) of the Alute clan (1854 - 1875)
- Imperial Noble Consort Shushen, (Chinese: 淑慎皇贵妃) (1860 - 1905)
- Imperial Noble Consort Zhuanghe, (Chinese: 庄和皇贵妃) (1857 - 1921)
- Imperial Noble Consort Jingyi, (Chinese: 敬懿皇贵妃) (1856 - 1932)
- Imperial Noble Consort Ronghui, (Chinese: 荣惠皇贵妃) (1854 - 1933)
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Tongzhi Emperor
Born: April 27 1856 Died: January 12 1875 |
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| Preceded by The Xianfeng Emperor |
Emperor of China 1861-1875 |
Succeeded by The Guangxu Emperor |
