Hispanic American wars of independence

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Spanish American Wars Of Independence
Part of Latin American wars of independence
The Battle of Ayacucho ensured the independence of South America in 1824 Spain fails to reconquer Mexico at the Battle of Pueblo Viejo in 1829
Date 1808 - 1829 Location Spanish America Result Victory of the Independentist armies, and the end of Spanish rule.
Belligerents
Spain Spanish Americans Royalists Native Americans allies Mapuche Nation Quechua Nobility	Spanish American Insurgency Gran Colombia United Provinces of the Río de la Plata Republic of Chile Foreign volunteers Great Britain and Ireland After 1820 Mexican Empire Republic of Peru

The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century, from 1808 until 1829. The conflict started in 1808, with juntas established in Mexico and Montevideo in reaction to the events of the Peninsular War. The conflicts can be both characterized as a civil wars and a wars of national liberation, since the majority of combatants on both sides were Spanish Americans and goal of the conflict for one side was the independence of the Spanish colonies in the Americas. The wars ultimately resulted in the creation of a chain of newly independent countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in the south to Mexico in the north. Only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule until the Spanish–American War in 1898.

The conflicts were related to the more general Latin American wars of independence, which include the conflicts in Haiti and Brazil. Brazil’s independence shared a common origin with Spanish America’s, since both were triggered by Napoleon’s invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 1808. Moreover, the process of Latin American's independence took place in the general political and intellectual climate that emerged from Age of Enlightenment and that influenced all of the so-called Atlantic Revolutions, including the earlier revolutions in the United States and France. Nevertheless, the wars in, and the independence of, Spanish America were the result of unique developments within the Spanish Monarchy.

Contents 1 History 1.1 New Spain and Guatemala 1.2 New Granada, Venezuela, Quito 1.3 Río de la Plata and Upper Peru 1.4 Chile and Peru 2 Evolution of the War 2.1 Campaigns of New Spain 2.2 Campaigns of New Granada, Venezuela, Quito 2.3 Campaigns of Río de la Plata and Upper Peru 2.4 Campaigns of Chile and Peru 3 Liberators 4 Royalists 5 See also 6 Bibliography

[edit] History

During the occupation of Spain by French forces during the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, Spain found itself cut off from its empire and without leadership. The wars in Europe provided the Creoles the opportunity to gain independence from the mother country and revolutions started to break out all over Spanish America.

[edit] New Spain and Guatemala

Mexican War of Independence

1811 Independence Movement

Federal Republic of Central America

[edit] New Granada, Venezuela, Quito

The Patria Boba

United Provinces of New Granada

Venezuelan War of Independence

First Republic of Venezuela

Second Republic of Venezuela

Military career of Simón Bolívar

Independence of Ecuador

Ecuadorian War of Independence

[edit] Río de la Plata and Upper Peru

Argentine War of Independence

Independence of Uruguay

Independence of Paraguay

Bolivian War of Independence

[edit] Chile and Peru

Chilean War of Independence

Peruvian War of Independence

[edit] Evolution of the War

[edit] Campaigns of New Spain

1811 Battle of Calderón Bridge

1816 Expedition of Mina

1821 Army of the Three Guarantees

1829 Reconquest of New Spain

[edit] Campaigns of New Granada, Venezuela, Quito

1819 Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada

1819 Battle of Boyacá

1821 Battle of Carabobo

1822 Battle of Pichincha

[edit] Campaigns of Río de la Plata and Upper Peru

1810 Army of the North

1811 Campaign of Guaqui

1815 Battle of Sipe-Sipe

[edit] Campaigns of Chile and Peru

1814 Battle of Rancagua

1817 Battle of Chacabuco

1818 Battle of Maipú

1820 Capture of Valdivia

1824 Battle of Ayacucho

[edit] Liberators

[edit] Royalists

[edit] See also

• Libertadores
• British Legions
• Royalist (Hispanic American Revolution)
• Latin American wars of independence
• Wars of national liberation
• History of South America

[edit] Bibliography

• Kenneth J. Andrien and Lyman L. Johnson. The Political Economy of Spanish America in the Age of Revolution, 1750-1850. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 1994. ISBN 9780826314895
• Timothy Anna. Spain & the Loss of Empire. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1983. ISBN 9780803210141
• Christon I. Archer (ed.). The Wars of Independence in Spanish America. Willmington, SR Books, 2000. ISBN 0-8420-2469-7
• D. A. Brading. The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots and the Liberal State, 1492-1867. Cambridge University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-521-44796-8
• John Charles Chasteen. Americanos: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-517881-4
• Michael P. Costeloe. Response to Revolution: Imperial Spain and the Spanish American Revolutions, 1810-1840. Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 9780521320832
• Jorge I. Domínguez. Insurrection or Loyalty: The Breakdown of the Spanish American Empire. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1980. ISBN 9780674456358
• Richard Graham. Independence in Latin America: A Comparative Approach (2nd edition). McGraw-Hill, 1994. ISBN 0-07-024008-6
• R. A. Humphreys and John Lynch (editors). The Origins of the Latin American Revolutions, 1808-1826. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1965.
• Jay Kinsbruner. The Spanish-American Independence Movement. Huntington, N.Y.: R.E. Krieger Publishing Company, [1973] 1976. ISBN 9780882754284
• Jay Kinsbruner. Independence in Spanish America: Civil Wars, Revolutions, and Underdevelopment (Revised edition). Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8263-2177-1
• John Lynch. Caudillos in Spanish America, 1800-1850. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1992. ISBN 0-19-821135-X
• John Lynch. The Spanish American Revolutions, 1808-1826 (2nd edition). New York, W. W. Norton & Company, 1986. ISBN 0-393-95537-0
• Jaime E. Rodríguez O. The Independence of Spanish America. Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-521-62673-0

• Matthew Brown. Adventuring through Spanish Colonies: Simón Bolívar, Foreign Mercenaries and the Birth of New Nations. Liverpool University Press, 2006. ISBN 184631044X
• Alfred Hasbrouck. Foreign Legionaries in the Liberation of Spanish South America. New York: Octagon Books, 1969.
• William W. Kaufman. British Policy and the Independence of Latin America, 1804-1828. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1951.
• William Spence Robertson. France and Latin American Independence. New York, Octagon, [1939] 1967.
• Arthur P. Whitaker. The United States and the Independence of Latin America, 1800-1830. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1941.