Swati language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| SiSwati | ||
|---|---|---|
| SiSwati | ||
| Spoken in |  Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Mozambique |
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| Total speakers | 3,000,000 (Ethnologue) | |
| Language family | Niger-Congo
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| Official status | ||
| Official language in | Swaziland South Africa |
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| Regulated by | No official regulation | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1 | ss | |
| ISO 639-2 | ssw | |
| ISO 639-3 | ssw | |
SiSwati (SiSwati in the language itself; iSiSwazi in iSiZulu) is a Bantu language of the Nguni group spoken in Swaziland (eSwatini) and South Africa (eSikhwahlande / eNingizimu Afrika). The number of speakers is estimated to be in the region of 1.5 million. The language is taught in Swaziland and some South African schools in Mpumalanga and KaNgwane areas. SiSwati is an official language of Swaziland, (along with English), and is also one of the eleven official languages of South Africa.
Although often referred to as Swazi, this is the form of the noun stem indicating the language or its speakers taken from Zulu, which many SiSwati-speakers also speak. SiSwati is most closely related to Phuthi (the other larger 'Tekela' Nguni language), spoken in southern Lesotho and the northern Eastern Cape province of South Africa. SiSwati is also closely related to the 'Zunda' Nguni languages: Zulu (immediately adjacent to the south and east), Ndebele (immediately adjacent to the west, and further north in Zimbabwe), and Xhosa (spoken to the south of Lesotho in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa).
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[edit] Dialects
SiSwati spoken in Swaziland / eSwatini can be divided into four dialects corresponding to the four administrative regions of the country: Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, and Shiselweni.
SiSwati has at least two varieties: the standard, prestige variety spoken mainly in the north, centre and southwest of the country, and a less prestigious variety spoken elsewhere.
In the far south, especially in towns such as Nhlangano and Hlathikhulu, the variety of the language spoken is significantly influenced by iSiZulu. Many Swazis (eMaSwati|plural LiSwati|singular), including those in the south who speak this variety, do not regard it as 'proper' SiSwati. This is what may be referred to as the second dialect in the country. The sizeable number of SiSwati-speakers in South Africa (mainly in the Mpumalanga province, and in Soweto) are considered by Swaziland SiSwati-speakers to speak a non-standard form of the language.
Unlike the variant in the south of Swaziland, the Mpumalanga variety appears to be less influenced by Zulu, and is thus considered closer to standard SiSwati. However, this Mpumalanga variety is distinguishable by distinct intonation, and perhaps distinct tone patterns. Intonation patterns (and informal perceptions of 'stress') in Mpumalanga SiSwati are often considered discordant to the LiSwati ear. This South African variety of SiSwati is considered to exhibit influence from other South African languages spoken in close proximity to SiSwati.
A feature of the standard prestige variety of SiSwati (spoken in the north and centre of Swaziland) is the royal style of slow, heavily stressed enunciation, which is anecdotally claimed to have a 'mellifluous' feel to its hearers.
[edit] Phonology
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This section requires expansion. |
[edit] Grammar
[edit] Nouns
The Swati noun (libito) consists of two essential parts, the prefix (sicalo) and the stem (umsuka). Using the prefixes, nouns can be grouped into noun classes, which are numbered consecutively, to ease comparison with other Bantu languages.
The following table gives an overview of SiSwati noun classes, arranged according to singular-plural pairs.
| Class | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1/2 | um(u)-1 | ba-, be- |
| 1a/2b | Ø- | bo- |
| 3/4 | um(u)-1 | imi- |
| 5/6 | li- | ema- |
| 7/8 | s(i)-2 | t(i)-2 |
| 9/10 | iN-3 | tiN-3 |
| 11/10 | lu-, lw- | |
| 14 | bu-, b-, tj- | |
| 15 | ku- |
1 umu- replaces um- before monosyllabic stems, e. g. umuntfu (person).
2 s- and t- replace si- and ti- respectively before stems beginning with a vowel, e.g. sandla/tandla (hand/hands).
3 The placeholder N in the prefixes iN- and tiN- for m, n or no letter at all.
[edit] Sample text
Bonkhe bantfu batalwa bakhululekile balingana ngalokufananako ngesitfunti nangemalungelo. Baphiwe ingcondvo nekucondza kanye nanembeza ngakoke bafanele batiphatse nekutsi baphatse nalabanye ngemoya webuzalwane.[1]
[edit] References
[edit] External links
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Swati language edition of Wiktionary, the free dictionary/thesaurus |
[edit] Software
- Project to translate Free Software into Swati
- Swati edition of OpenOffice.org
- Swati spell checker for OpenOffice.org and Mozilla (basic)
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