Amur River

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Coordinates: 53°06′N 140°44′E / 53.1°N 140.733°E / 53.1; 140.733

Amur River Khabarovsk Bridge across the Amur used to be the longest in Imperial Russia and Eurasia.
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese:	黑龍江
Simplified Chinese:	黑龙江
Literal meaning:	"Black Dragon River"
Transliterations Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin: Hēilóng Jiāng
Manchu name
Manchu:	(Sahaliyan Ula)
Mongolian name
Mongolian:	Хар Мөрөн (Khar Mörön)
Russian name
Russian:	Амур (Amur)

The Amur River (Russian: река Аму́р) or Heilong Jiang (Chinese: 黑龙江), or Sahaliyan Ula (Manchu) is the world's ninth longest river, forming the border between the Russian Far East and Northeastern China.

[edit] History and context

In many historical references these two geopolitical entities are known as Outer Manchuria (Russian Manchuria) and Inner Manchuria, respectively. The Chinese province of Heilongjiang on the south bank of the river is named after it, as is the Russian Amur Oblast on the north bank. The name Black River (sahaliyan ula) was used by the Manchu and the Qing Dynasty who always regarded this river as sacred.

The Amur River is a very important symbol of — and an important geopolitical factor in — Chinese-Russian relations. The Amur was especially important in the period of time following the Sino-Soviet political split in the 1960s.

For many centuries the Amur Valley was populated by the Tungusic (Evenki, Solon, Ducher, Nanai, Ulch) and Mongolian (Daur) people, and, near its mouth, by the Nivkhs. For many of them, fishing in the Amur and its tributaries was the main source of their livelihood. Until the 17th century, these people were not known to the Europeans, and little known to the Chinese, who sometimes collectively described them as the Wild Jurchens. The term Yupi Dazi ("Fish-skin Tatars") was used for the Nanais and related groups as well, owing to their traditional clothes made of fish skins.

A remnant of Yishiha's monuments at Tyr, as seen ca. 1860

The Mongols, ruling China as the Yuan Dynasty, established a tenuous military presence on the lower Amur in the 13-14th centuries; ruins of a Yuan-era temple have been excavated near the village of Tyr .^[1]

During the Yongle and Xuande era (early 15th century) the Ming Dynasty in China reached the Amur as well in their drive to establish control over the lands adjacent to the Ming Empire from the northeast, which were to become later known as Manchuria. Expeditions headed by the eunuch Yishiha reached Tyr several times between 1411 and the early 1430s, re-building (twice) the Yongning Temple and obtaining at least nominal allegiance of the lower Amur's tribes to the Ming government.^[2][3] Some sources report also the Chinese presence during the same period on the middle Amur, with a fort - a predecessor of later Aigun - existing for about 20 years during the Yongle era on the left (northwestern) shore of the Amur, downstream from the mouth of the Zeya (opposite to the location of the later, Qing, Aigun).^[4] In any event, the Ming presence on the Amur was as short-lived as it was tenuous; soon after the end of the Yongle reign, the dynasty's frontiers retreated to southern Manchuria.

The 17th century saw the conflict over the control of the Amur between the Russians, expanding into eastern Siberia, and the recently risen Qing Empire, whose original base was in south-eastern Manchuria. Russian Cossack expeditions led by Vassili Poyarkov and Yerofey Khabarov explored the Amur and its tributaries in 1643-1644 and 1649-1651, respectively. The Cossacks established the fort of Albazin on the upper Amur, at the site of the former capital of the Solons.

Amur River (under its Manchu name, Saghalien Oula) and its tributaries on a 1734 map by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville, based upon maps of Jesuits in China. Albazin is shown as Jaxa, the old (Ming) site of Aigun as Aihom and the later, Qing Aigun, as Saghalien Oula.

At the time, the Qing were busy with conquering China; but a few decades later, during the Kangxi reign they turned their attention to their north-Manchurian backyard. Aigun was reestablished near the supposed Ming site ca. 1683-1684, and a military expeditions was sent upstream, to dislodge the Russians, whose Albazin establishment deprived the Manchu rulers from the tribute of sable pelts that the Solons and Daurs of the area would supply otherwise.^[5] Albazin fell during a short military campaign in 1685. The hostilities were concluded in 1689 by the Treaty of Nerchinsk, which left the entire Amur valley, from the convergence of the Shilka and the Argun downstream, in the Chinese hands.

The Amur region remained a relative backwater of the Qing Empire for the next century and a half, with Aigun being practically the only major town on the river. Russians re-appeared on the river in the mid 19th century, forcing China to yield all lands north of the river to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun (1858). Lands east of the Ussury and the lower Amur were acquired by Russia as well, by the Convention of Peking (1860).

The acquisition of the lands on the Amur and the Ussury was followed by the migration of Russian settlers to the region and the construction of such cities as Blagoveshchensk and, later, Khabarovsk.

Numerous river steamers plied the Amur by the late 19th century. Mining dredges were imported from America to work the placer gold of the river. Barge and river traffic was greatly hindered by the Civil War of 1918-22. The ex-German Yangtse gunboats Vaterland and Otter, on Chinese Nationalist Navy service, patrolled the Amur in the 1920s.

[edit] Economy

The economy of the Amur Basin includes manufacturing, metallurgy, iron mining, non-ferrous metals, gold, coal, hydroelectricity, wheat, millet, soybeans, fishing, timber and Chinese-Russian trade. The Daqing oilfield, which is the world's 4th-largest oilfield, is located near Daqing City in Heilongjiang, a few hundred kilometers from the river.

[edit] Direction

Amur River (Амур)
Amur watershed
Countries	Russia, China
Length	4,352 km (2,704 mi)
Watershed	1,855,000 km² (716,220 sq mi)
Discharge at	Tartar Strait
- average	11,400 m³/s (402,587 cu ft/s)
- maximum	30,700 m³/s (1,084,160 cu ft/s)
- minimum	514 m³/s (18,152 cu ft/s)
Discharge elsewhere
- Komsomolsk-on-Amur	9,181 m³/s (324,224 cu ft/s)
Source
- location	Khentii Mountains, Khentii Province, Mongolia
- elevation	1,930 m (6,332 ft)
Mouth
- location	Pacific Ocean

Flowing across northeast Asia for over 4,444 km (2,761 mi), from the mountains of northeastern China to the Sea of Okhotsk (near Nikolayevsk-na-Amure), it drains a remarkable watershed that includes diverse landscapes of desert, steppe, tundra, and taiga, eventually emptying into the Pacific Ocean through the Strait of Tartary, where the mouth of the river faces the northern end of the island of Sakhalin.

The Amur has always been closely associated with the island of Sakhalin at its mouth, and most names for the island, even in the languages of the indigenous peoples of the region, are derived from the name of the river: "Sakhalin" derives from a Tungusic dialectal form cognate with Manchu sahaliyan ("black," as in sahaliyan ula, "Black River"), while Ainu and Japanese "Karaputo" or "Karafuto" is derived from the Ainu name of the Amur or its mouth. Anton Chekhov vividly described the Amur River in writings about his journey to Sakhalin Island in 1890.

The average annual discharge varies from 6000 m³/s (1980) - 12000 m³/s (1957), leading to an average 9819 m³/s or 310 km³ per year. The maximum runoff measured occurred in Oct 1951 with 30700 m³/s whereas the minimum discharge was recorded in March 1946 with a mere 514 m³/s.^[6]

[edit] Tributaries

The Amur proper is 2,874 km long after the junction of two rivers:

• Northern tributary: the Shilka, originating from the eastern slopes of the Khentii Mountains in Mongolia.
• Southern tributary: the Argun, originating on the western slopes of the Great Khingan Range (大興安嶺) in northeast China.

Major tributaries are:

• Shilka
• Argun
• Huma (Houmar)
• Zeya
• Bureya
• Sungari
• Ussuri
• Anyuy (Dondon)
• Amgun

The Amur is bordered by Heilongjiang province of China in the south, and Amur Oblast, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, and Khabarovsk Krai of Russia in the north. The final stretch of the Amur passes through Khabarovsk Krai. Over its course, the river flows by the following cities:

• Huma (China, south bank)
• Blagoveshchensk (Russia, north-eastern bank)
• Heihe (China, south-western bank)
• Auhui (formerly Aigun) (China, south-western bank)
• Jiayin (China, south bank)
• Tongjiang (China, south bank)
• Fuyuan (China, south bank)
• Khabarovsk (Russia, south bank)
• Komsomolsk-na-Amure (Russia, north-western bank)
• Nikolayevsk-na-Amure (Russia, north bank)

[edit] Bridges and tunnels

The first permanent bridge across the Amur, the Khabarovsk Bridge, was completed in 1916, allowing the trains on the Transsiberian Railway to cross the river year-round without using ferries or rail tracks on top of the river ice. In 1941 a railway tunnel was added as well (see Тоннель под Амуром).

Later, a railway bridge over the Amur at Komsomolsk-on-Amur (1975) and a highway bridge at Khabarovsk (1999) were constructed.

Ice drift on the Amur

Valery Solomonovich Gurevich, government vice-chairman of Russia’s Jewish Autonomous Oblast said that China and Russia started construction of the Amur Bridge Project at the end of 2007. The bridge will link Nizhneleninskoye in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast with Tongjiang in Heilongjiang Province. The 2,197-meter-long bridge, with an estimated investment of nearly US$230 million, is expected to be finished by the end of 2010, Gurevich said.^[7] Gurevich said that the proposal to construct a bridge across the river was actually made by Russia, in view of growing cargo transportation demands. "The bridge, in the bold estimate, will be finished in three years," Gurevich said.^[8]

[edit] See also

• Amuri, a Tampere district named after battles at river Amur during the Russo-Japanese war.
• Amur cork tree
• Amur Falcon
• Amur Leopard
• Amur Tiger
• Amur Honeysuckle
• Geography of China
• Geography of Russia
• Sino-Soviet border conflict
• Jilin chemical plant explosions 2005
• Home of the Kaluga (Acipenseriformes)

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amur River

• AMUR-HEILONG RIVER BASIN Information Center - maps, GIS data, environmental data
• Information and a map of the Amur’s watershed