Polynomial lemniscate

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In mathematics, a polynomial lemniscate or polynomial level curve is a plane algebraic curve of degree 2n, constructed from a polynomial p with complex coefficients of degree n.

For any such polynomial p and positive real number c, we may define a set of complex numbers by | p(z) | = c. This set of numbers may be equated to points in the real Cartesian plane, leading to an algebraic curve ƒ(x, y) = c² of degree 2n, which results from expanding out in terms of z = x + iy.

When p is a polynomial of degree 1 then the resulting curve is simply a circle whose center is the zero of p. When p is a polynomial of degree 2 then the curve is a Cassini oval.

[edit] Erdős lemniscate

A conjecture of Erdős which has attracted considerable interest concerns the maximum length of a polynomial lemniscate ƒ(x, y) = 1 of degree 2n when p is monic, which Erdős conjectured was attained when p(z) = zⁿ − 1. In the case when n = 2, the Erdős lemniscate is the Lemniscate of Bernoulli

and it has been proven that this is indeed the maximal length in degree four. The Erdős lemniscate has three ordinary n-fold points, one of which is at the origin, and a genus of (n − 1)(n − 2)/2. By inverting the Erdős lemniscate in the unit circle, one obtains a nonsingular curve of degree n.

[edit] Generic polynomial lemniscate

In general, a polynomial lemniscate will not touch at the origin, and will have only two ordinary n-fold singularities, and hence a genus of (n − 1)². As a real curve, it can have a number of disconnected components. Hence, it will not look like a lemniscate, making the name something of a misnomer.

An interesting example of such polynomial lemniscates are the Mandelbrot curves. If we set p₀ = z, and p_n = p_n−1² + z, then the corresponding polynomial lemniscates M_n defined by |p_n(z)| = ER converge to the boundary of the Mandelbrot set. If ER < 2 they are inside, if ER ≥ 2 they are outside of Mandelbrot set. The Mandelbrot curves are of degree 2ⁿ⁺¹, with two 2ⁿ-fold ordinary multiple points, and a genus of (2ⁿ − 1)².^{[citation needed]}

[edit] References

• Alexandre Eremenko and Walter Hayman, On the length of lemniscates, Michigan Math. J., (1999), 46, no. 2, 409–415 [1]
• O. S. Kusnetzova and V. G. Tkachev, Length functions of lemniscates, Manuscripta Math., (2003), 112, 519–538 [2]
• "Cassinian curve" at Encyclopédie des Formes Mathématiques Remarquables