Mongolia during Qing rule

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History of Mongolia

Before Genghis Khan

Mongol Empire

Khanates

- Chagatai Khanate

- Golden Horde

- Ilkhanate

- Yuan Dynasty

Northern Yuan

Timurid Empire

Mughal Empire

Crimean Khanate

Khanate of Sibir

Zunghar Khanate

Qing Dynasty (Mongolia during Qing)

Republic of China

Mongolian People's Republic (Outer Mongolia)

Modern Mongolia

Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia)

People's Republic of China (Inner Mongolia)

Buryat Mongolia

Kalmyk Mongolia

Hazara Mongols

Aimak Mongols

Timeline

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Over the course of the 17th and 18th centuries, Greater Mongolia (exc. Buryatia and Altai) became part of the Qing empire. Even before the dynasty was founded, the escapades of Ligden Khan had driven a number of Mongol tribes to join the Manchu state. After Ligden's defeat and death his son had to submit to the Manchu, and when the Qing dynasty was founded, most of what is now called Inner Mongolia already belonged to the new state. The Khalkha joined in 1691 when their defeat by the Dzungars left them without a chance to remain independent. The Khoshud in Qinghai were conquered in 1723/24. The Dzungars were finally destroyed, and their territory conquered, in 1756/57. The last Mongols to join the empire were the returning Torgud Kalmyks at the Ili in 1771.

Contents 1 Governance 2 Administrative Divisions 3 Culture in Qing Mongolia 3.1 Hüree Soyol (Hüree Culture) 4 Scholarship in Qing Mongolia 5 References

[edit] Governance

For the administration of Mongolia, a bureau of Mongol affairs was founded, called Monggol jurgan in Manchu. It was later (1638) renamed, with the Chinese name being Lifanyuan, usually referred to as the "Court of Colonial Affairs" in English. This office reported to the Qing emperor and would eventually be responsible not only for the administration of Inner Mongolia, but also Outer Mongolia, Tibet, and what is now Xinjiang, as well as Qing relations with Russia. Apart from day-to-day work, the office also edited its own statutes and a code of law for Outer Mongolia.

[edit] Administrative Divisions

Mongolia was divided into two parts: Inner (Manchu: Dorgi) Mongolia and Outer (Manchu: Tülergi) Mongolia, the division affected today's separation of Mongolia and Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region.

Inner Mongolia^[1] Inner Mongolia's original 24 Aimags were torn apart and replaced by 49 khoshuus (banners) which would later be organized into six chuulgans (leagues, assemblys). The eight Chakhar khoshuus and the two Tümed khoshuus around Guihua were directly administered by the Manchu.

• Jirim league
• Josotu league
• Juu Uda league
• Shilingol league
• Ulaan Chab league
• Ihe Juu league

Plus, followings were directly controlled by the Manchu emperor.

• Chakhar 8 khoshuu
• Guihua Tümed 2 khoshuu

Outer Mongolia

• Khalkha
  • Secen Khan aimag 23 khoshuu
  • Tüsheetu Khan aimag 20 khoshuu
  • Sain Noyon Khan aimag 24 khoshuu
  • Zasagtu Khan aimag 19 khoshuu
• Khövsgöl^[2]
• Tannu Uriankhai
• Kobdo Territory 30 khoshuu^{[citation needed]}
• Ili 13 khoshuu (in modern day Xinjiang)^{[citation needed]}
• Khökh Nuur 29 khoshuu (Qinghai)^{[citation needed]}
• Ejine khoshuu (modern day Ejina banner in Alxa aimag, Inner Mongolia)^{[citation needed]}
• Alasha khoshuu (modern day Alxa left and right banners in Alxa aimag, Inner Mongolia)^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Culture in Qing Mongolia

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[edit] Hüree Soyol (Hüree Culture)

During Qing, Hüree (modern day Ulaanbaatar, capital of Mongolia) was home for rich culture. Hüree style songs constitute a large amount of the Mongolian traditional culture; some examples include "Alia Sender", "Arvan Tavnii Sar", "Tsagaan Sariin Shiniin Negen", "Zadgai Tsagaan Egule" and many more.

[edit] Scholarship in Qing Mongolia

Many books including chronicles and poetries were written by the Mongols during Qing. Notable ones include:

• • • Altan Tobchi (Golden Chronicle) by Lubsandanzan
    • Höh Sudar (The Blue Sutra) by Borjigin Vanchinbaliin Injinashi

[edit] References

1. ^ Michael Weiers (editor) Die Mongolen. Beiträge zu ihrer Geschichte und Kultur, Darmstadt 1986, p. 416ff
2. ^ Ch. Banzragch, Khövsgöl aimgiin tüükh, Ulaanbaatar 2001, p. 244 (map)

• Elverskog, Johan. Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism and the State in Late Imperial China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2006.