Maksutov telescope
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The Maksutov or 'Mak' is a catadioptric telescope design that employs a full diameter meniscus lens (commonly called a "corrector plate") to correct the problems of off-axis aberrations such as coma found in reflecting telescopes while avoiding chromatic aberration. The design is most commonly seen in a Cassegrain variation, with an integrated secondary, that can use all-spherical elements, thereby simplifying fabrication.
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[edit] Design and invention
The design uses a spherical primary mirror in conjunction with a "meniscus corrector shell" at the entrance pupil in order to correct spherical aberration, which is a significant problem in other types of reflecting telescopes[1]. The chief disadvantage of the Maksutov design is that it does not scale up well to large apertures (>250 mm/10 inches), since the corrector plate rapidly becomes prohibitively large, heavy and expensive as the aperture increases – most commercial manufacturers usually stop at 180 mm (7 inches).
The design is named after Russian optician Dmitri Maksutov who built a meniscus corrector "Maksutov-Gregorian" style proto-type in October 1941 and patented it November of that same year[2]. Dmitri published the main design in 1944 in a paper entitled New Catadioptric Meniscus Systems[2][3]. The small differences between the earlier Bouwers and Maksutov design, result in them alternately being described as the same design or merely similar[4][5].
A slightly earlier independent design was published in 1940 by Dutch optician Albert Bouwers, and who submitted patents in February and July of 1941[4][5]. Bouwers telescope differed from Maksutov's (and current) designs in that it used a cemented doublet to form the meniscus corrector shell[6]. Because of the similarity between the two designs and their close creation dates, these telescopes are sometimes referred to as "Bouwers-Maksutov" telescopes[7].
[edit] Derivative designs
[edit] The Maksutov-Cassegrain
John Gregory, a designer for Perkin-Elmer, developed a Maksutov-Cassegrain based on the earlier design. Gregory later published his landmark design for two f/15 and f/23 telescopes in a 1957 issue of Sky and Telescope. Commercial use of the design was explicitly reserved for Perkin-Elmer.
Maksutov's design notes from 1941 explored the possibility of a 'folded' Cassegrain-type construction with a secondary silvered "spot" on the convex side of the meniscus facing the primary mirror.[citation needed] He thought this would create a sealed and ruggedized optical system suitible for use in schools[2].
Most Maksutovs manufactured today are this type of 'Cassegrain' design (sometimes called a Spot-Maksutov) that may use all spherical surfaces and has, as secondary, a small aluminized spot on the inner face of the corrector. This has the advantage of simplifying construction. It also has the advantage of fixing the alignment of the secondary and eliminates the need for a 'spider' that would cause diffraction spikes. The disadvantage is that, if all spherical surfaces are used, such systems have to have focal ratios above F15 to avoid aberrations[8] . Also a degree of freedom in correcting the optical system by changing the radius of curvature of the secondary is lost since that radius is the same as that of the rear meniscus face. Gregory himself, in a second, faster (f/15) design resorted to aspherization of the front corrector surface (or the primary mirror) in order to reduce aberrations. This has led to other designs with aspheric or additional elements to further reduce off-axis aberration.[9]
[edit] Applications
[edit] Astronomical uses
The focal ratio of the Maksutov-Cassegrain design provides high powers and a narrower field of view. This makes them unsuitable for wide-field astrophotography but superb at lunar and planetary imaging. They are also very adept at imaging tightly packed formations such as globular clusters and at splitting double stars. Maksutov-Cassegrain telescopes have been sold on the amateur market since the 1950s. Most early models were small run prestige models that were very expensive. The mid-70s saw the introduction of mass-produced models by some of the major commercial manufacturers. More recently low-cost Russian and, lately, Chinese mass-production have pushed the prices down even farther. Today the design has become a popular choice for the amateur astronomer, if not a 'telescope for the masses', something unthinkable in the 60s when even a small Maksutov-Cassegrains such as the 'Questar 3.5' were quite expensive and within the reach of deep pockets only.
[edit] Industrial/Aerospace uses
The Maksutov-Cassegrain design has been used extensively in military, industrial, and aerospace applications. Since all of the optical elements can be permanently fixed in alignment and the tube assembly can be environmentally sealed the design is extremely rugged. That makes them ideal for tracking, remote viewing, and radar calibration/boresighting where instruments are subjected to severe environments and high g-forces.
[edit] Names
Names given to this design in approximate order of modern notability, although regional and chronological variation exist.
- For basic Maksutov design
- Maksutov telescope
- Bouwers-Maksutov telescope
- Bouwers telescope [5]
- Schmidt-Maksutov telescope [10] (rare)
- For Maksutov-Cassegrain's
- Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope
- Gregory-Maksutov telescope [4]
- Spot-Maksutov
- Gregory-Meniscus telescope [11]
- Bouwers-Cassegrain telescope (rare)
Other types of catadioptric Cassegrains include the Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope, the Argunov-Cassegrain telescope, and the Klevtsov-Cassegrain telescope.
[edit] References
- ^ Dmitri Maksutov: The Man and His Telescope
- ^ a b c Dmitri Maksutov: The Man and His Telescopes By Eduard Trigubov and Yuri Petrunin
- ^ Cambridge Encyclopedia Vol. 48 "Maksutov telescope - Invention and Design, Applications, Derivative Designs" (article hosted by from encyclopedia.stateuniversity.com)
- ^ a b c Evolution of the Maksutov design
- ^ a b c Ian Ridpath, "Bouwers telescope", A Dictionary of Astronomy, 1997 first sentence of article
- ^ D. J. Schroeder, "Astronomical Optics", page 202
- ^ Rudolf Kingslake, "A History of the Photographic Lens", page 178
- ^ A Photovisual Maksutov Cassegrain Telescope - by Marc René Baril . "Although convenient, this design is limited to focal ratios above F15 unless an aspheric correction is applied to some element in the optical system"
- ^ Rutten, Harrie; Martin van Venrooij (1988). Telescope Optics: Evaluation and Design. Richmond, Va: Willman-Bell. ISBN 0-943396-18-2.
- ^ Schmidt-Maksutov telescope. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 24, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/527793/Schmidt-Maksutov-telescope
- ^ The Gregory Meniscus Telescope
[edit] See also
(commercially produced models)
