Hypocorism

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A hypocorism, or hypochorisma (noun): hypocoristic (adj.) (from Greek ὑποκορίζεσθαι hypokorizesthai, "to use child-talk"^[1]) is a lesser form of the given name used in more intimate situations, as a nickname, term of endearment, a pet name.

Contents 1 Derivation 2 Hypocorisms in various languages 2.1 English 2.1.1 Abbreviative 2.1.2 Diminutive 2.1.3 Variant 2.1.4 Others 2.2 Esperanto 2.3 French 2.4 Polish 2.5 Romanian 2.6 Russian 2.7 Spanish 2.8 Swedish 3 See also 4 References

[edit] Derivation

Hypocorisms are often generated as:

• a reduction (in English) of a longer word to a single syllable, then adding -y or -ie to the end, such as movie ('moving picture'), telly ('television') or Aussie ('Australian').
• a contracted form of a given name, such as Tony from Anthony, Rosy for Rosemarie or Vicky from Victoria.
• a baby-talk form approximating the name's pronunciation, such as Bess for Elizabeth.
• a given name with a diminutive suffix; in some languages diminutive forms of names are used primarily when referring to children and the meaning can oscillate between tenderness and condescension when used for an adult.
  • -(c)ito/-(c)ita or -(c)ín/-(c)ina in Spanish, such as Juanita from Juana. Extra consonants may be interposed as in Carmelina and Carmencita from Carmen, or merged, as in Carmina.
  • -chen, -lein, -(l)i (usually used with names) in German, such as Hündchen or Hündlein (from 'Hund', meaning dog) or Kalli (from 'Karl', a name); a back vowel in the root is normally subjected to umlaut, i.e. shift from u, o, a to ü, ö, ä respectively (e.g. Hund → Hündchen, Arm → Ärmchen, Holz → Hölzchen).
  • a similar form, -etto/-etta, in Interlingua.
  • a parallel construction in Portuguese, with -(z)inho/-(z)inha, as in Aninha from Ana and Joãozinho from João.
  • same in Italian and Italian regional languages, with -ino/-ina and -etto/etta as in Paolino/Paoletto and Paolina/Paoletta from Paolo and Paola. There are also -ello/-ella, as in Donatello/Donatella from Donato and Donata, -uccio/-uccia, as in Guiduccio from Guido. The forms -uzzo/-uzza, as in Santuzza from Santa, are typical of Sicilian dialect.
  • -ĉj- and -nj- affixes (for males and females respectively) in Esperanto; these replace the last consonant (or consonant cluster) of the root, thus patro → paĉjo (father), patrino → panjo (mother).
  • -chan, -tan, or -pi in Japanese, such as Kana-chan from Kana and Aki-chan from Akihiro. Gemination (doubling) of the consonant or lengthening of the vowel before the -chan to provide two moras is common, such as Settchan from Setsuko and Hii-chan from Hiroki.
  • reduplication in various languages, such as John-John or Didi.
  • the addition of a word-final very high tone, or changed tone, in Standard Cantonese and related dialects, sometimes in combination with the addition of the mid-toned prefix a before the name.
  • -ulus/-ula in Latin, most famously in the case of the Roman emperor Caligula, whose moniker means "little boot". He received the name from soldiers in reference to the small army sandals (caligae, singular caliga) he wore when he was young. Likewise the name Ursula is derived from ursa (bear) and means "little bear".

As evident from the above-mentioned examples, hypocorisms frequently demonstrate (indirectly) a phonological linguistic universal (or tendency) for high-pitched sounds to be used for smaller creatures and objects (here as more "cute" or less imposing names). Higher-pitched sounds are associated with smaller creatures due to the fact that smaller creatures can only make such high frequency sounds given their smaller larynx sizes.

The word "hypocorism" is the noun form in English; "hypocoristic" is the adjective form. Some other languages^[which?] prefer to use the original Greek word "hypocoristicon" as a noun^{[citation needed]}. The noun "hypocoristicon" seems to be rarely used in English^{[citation needed]}.

[edit] Hypocorisms in various languages

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[edit] English

English also forms nicknames in a variety of manners.

[edit] Abbreviative

Shortening, generally to the first syllable:

• Abraham → Abe
• Arthur → Art
• Calvin → Cal
• Clayton → Clay
• Daniel → Dan
• Dominic → Dom
• Douglas → Doug
• Edwin, Edward, Edmund → Ed
• Franklin → Frank
• Geoffrey → Geoff
• Gregory → Greg
• Gustav → Gus
• Jeffrey → Jeff
• Jacob → Jake
• Janice → Jan
• Jason → Jay
• Joseph → Joe
• Joshua → Josh
• Matthew → Matt
• Megan → Meg
• Michael → Mike
• Mitchell → Mitch
• Peter → Pete
• Philip → Phil
• Rachel → Ray or Rach
• Raymond → Ray
• Richard → Rich
• Simon → Si
• Trenton → Trent
• Victor → Vic
• Zachary → Zach

[edit] Diminutive

Addition of the diminutive suffix, -ie or -y. It is often added to the end of an already shortened name. This suffix connotes smallness or endearment. Although most often applied to the names of children, it is not uncommon for an adult to be referred to by the diminutive, especially by family, friends and close acquaintances:

• Anne → Annie
• Arthur, Arturo → Art → Artie
• August, Augustus → Auggie
• George → Georgie
• James → Jamie, Jim → Jimmy
• Jonathan → Jon → Jonny
• Kirstin → Kirstie
• Robert → Rob/Bob → Robbie/Bobby
• Timothy → Tim → Timmy
• William → Will/Bill → Willie/Billy

[edit] Variant

A short form that differs significantly from the name:

• Dorothy → Dot, Dottie
• Henry → Hank, Harry
• Sarah → Sally

[edit] Others

And combinations and variants of the above:

• Abigail → Abby, or Nabby
• Albert, Alan, Alastair, Alfred → Al
• Alfred → Alf, Alfie, Fred, Fredo.
• Alexander → Alex, Lex, Xander, Sandy
• Alexandra → Alex, Ali, Lexie, Sandy
• Aloysius → Lou, Lewie
• Andrew → Andy, Drew
• Anthony → Ant, Tony
• Antoinette → Toni, Netta
• Arnold → Arnie
• Augustus → Gussie
• Barbara → Barb, Barbie, Babs, Bobbie
• Barnaby → Barney
• Bartholomew → Bart → Barty
• Benjamin → Ben, Benji, Benny
• Beverley → Bev
• Carolyn → Carol, Lyn
• Cassandra → Cassie, Cass, Sandra, Sandy
• Charles → Charlie, Chuck, Chas, Chazza
• Christine → Chris, Christy, Chrissy, Tina
• Christopher → Chris, Kit
• Daniel → Dan → Danny
• David → Dave → Davey
• Edward/Edwin/Edmund → Ed, Eddy, Eddie, Ned, Neddie, Ted, Teddy
• Elaine → Lainie
• Eleanor → Ellie, Nell, Nellie, Ella, Elle, Nora
• Elizabeth → Bess, Bessie, Bette, Bet, Betty, Beth, Betsy, Eliza, Elise, Elsa, Elsie, Elle, Ella, Lisa, Lisbeth, Lissie, Lily, Libby, Liddy, Lizbeth, Lizzie, Liz, Liza, Lilibet
• Emily → Em, Emmy, Emma, Milly
• Ethel → Eth
• Frances/Francesca → Fran, Franny, Fanny
• Francis/Francesco → Fran, Frank, Frankie
• Frederick → Fred, Freddy, Rick, Fritz
• Gerald → Gerry/Jerry
• Gertrude → Gert, Gertie
• Geoffrey → Geoff/Jeff
• Harold → Harry, Hal
• Helen → Nell/Nellie, Eleni
• Herbert → Herb, Herbie, Bert
• Hilary → Hil, Hilly
• Howard → Howie
• Isabella → Izzy, Isa, Bella, Bell
• James → Jim, Jimmy, Jamie, Jimbo, Jambo
• Jennifer → Jen, Jenny
• Jeremiah → Jeremy, Jerry
• Jeremy → Jem, Jerry
• Jerome → Jerry
• Jessica → Jess, Jessie
• Joel → Joe, Joey
• John → Johnny, Jack, Jackie
• Jordan → Judd, Jordy
• Joseph → Joe, Joey
• Josephine → Jo, Joey, Josie
• Judith → Judy
• Katherine → Kathy, Kat, Katie, Kate, Kit, Kitty
• Katrina → Kat, Trina
• Kenneth → Ken, Kenny
• Kimberly → Kim → Kimmy
• Lawrence → Larry
• Leonard/Leonardo → Len, Lenny, Leon, Leo, Lee
• Louis → Lou → Louie
• Lucille → Lucy
• Madeline/Madison → Maddie
• Margaret → Peggy, Daisy, Maggie, Marge
• Martin → Marty
• Matthew → Matt → Matty
• Michael → Mike/Mick → Mikey/Mickey
• Michelle/Michele → Shell/Shelley
• Montague/Montgomery/Montmorency - Monty
• Nathan → Nat, Nate
• Nicholas → Nick → Nicky
• Nigel → Nig, Niggy, Niglet, Nige
• Norbert → Nobby
• Oliver → Ollie
• Paul (or Pauline, Paula) → Paulie/Polly
• Patricia → Patty, Patsy, Trisha
• Percival → Percy
• Peregrine → Perry
• Priscilla → Cilla
• Rebecca → Becky, Becca, Becks, Bex, Bec
• Regina → Reggie, Gina
• Reginald → Reg, Reggie
• Renee → Rae
• Richard → Rich, Richie, Rick, Ricky, Dick, Dicky
• Robert → Rob, Bob, Robbie, Bobby
• Roberta → Bobbie
• Roderick → Rod, Roddy
• Rodney → Rodders
• Ronald → Ron → Ronnie
• Russell → Russ, Rusty
• Samuel (Or Samantha) → Sam → Sammy
• Spencer → Spence
• Stephen → Steve → Stevie
• Susan → Sue, Susie, Suzy
• Teresa/Theresa → Tracy/Tracey
• Theodore → Ted, Teddy, Theo, Ned, Neddy
• Thomas → Tom → Tommy
• Tobias → Toby
• Veronica → Vera, Ronni/Ronnie
• Victoria → Vicky, Tori
• Vincent → Vinnie, Vince
• Virginia → Ginny, Ginger, Vergie
• Walter → Wal, Walt, Wally
• William → Will/Bill → Willie/Billy

[edit] Esperanto

Esperanto forms nicknames by suffixing -njo (for females) and -ĉjo (for males) to the first letter(s) of the basic name. [1]

• Elizabeto → Elinjo
• Mario → Manjo
• Sofio → Sonjo
• fratino → franjo
• onklino → onjo
• patrino → panjo

• Aleksandro → Aleĉjo
• Johano → Joĉjo
• Petro → Peĉjo
• frato → fraĉjo
• onklo → oĉjo
• patro → paĉjo

[edit] French

Informal French often produces hypocorisms either by cutting a word in half after the letter O, or by chopping off the end of the word and adding an O: McDo from McDonalds; gynéco from gynécologue; dico from dictionnaire; dodo (childish word for sleep, from dormir, to sleep); écolo from écologiste; Catho from Catholique; psycho from psychologie.

The ending -oche (with or without an intervening consonant or phoneme to make it easier to pronounce) is also sometimes used: cinoche (cinéma), MacDoche (McDonalds), fastoche (easy-peezy, from facile, easy). Words or names may also be shortened or abbreviated without an O: fixs from fixations, 'ski bindings'; Jean-Phi from Jean-Philippe; amphi from amphithéatre (large classroom or lecture hall); ciné (another informal word for cinéma). These words are familiar/informal versions of the underlying words.

The connotation of familiarity (my friend Jean-Phi, as opposed to my new work colleague Jean-Philippe; cinoche, the place I often go for entertainment, as opposed to cinéma, the neutral word for a movie theater) is what makes them hypocorisms.

[edit] Polish

In Polish there are multiple affixes used to create the diminutive. Some of them are -ka, -sia, -cia, -unia, -enka, -śka, -lka for feminine nouns and -ek, -uś, -ciek, -czek, -uń, -eńki, -lki for masculine (among others). Here is a list of common names with some of them:

• Agnieszka = Aga
• Aleksandra = Ola, Oleńka
• Aleksander = Olek, Alek, Oluś
• Anna = Ania, Anka, Anusia
• Antoni = Antek
• Arkadiusz = Arek, Aruś
• Barbara = Basia, Baśka
• Bartłomiej = Bartek, Bartuś
• Bartosz = Bartek, Bartuś
• Dariusz = Darek, Dareczek
• Edward = Edek, Edzio
• Emila = Emilka, Emilie
• Ewa = Ewka, Ewusia
• Grzegorz = Grzesiek, Grześ
• Henryka = Henia
• Henryk = Henio, Heniek
• Iwona = Iwonka, Iwcia, Iwa, Iwka
• Jakub = Kuba, Kubuś
• Jarosław = Jarek, Jaruś
• Jan = Jaś, Janek
• Janusz = Janek
• Jerzy = Jurek,Jerzyk
• Joanna = Joasia, Asia
• Julia = Julcia
• Katarzyna = Kasia, Kaśka, Kasieńka, Kasiunia
• Krzysztof = Krzysiek, Krzyś
• Maciej = Maciek, Maciuś
• Małgorzata = Małgosia, Małgośka, Gośka, Gosia, Gosieńka
• Maria = Marysia, Maryśka, Marysieńka
• Mirosław = Mirek, Mireczek, Mirko, Miruś
• Piotr = Piotrek, Piotruś
• Roman = Romek, Romeczek, Romuś
• Ryszard = Rysiek
• Sławomir = Sławek
• Tadeusz = Tadek, Tadzio
• Tomasz = Tomek, Tomuś, Tomcio, Tomaszek, Tomeczek
• Władysław = Władek
• Włodzimierz = Włodek
• Witold = Witek
• Wojciech = Wojtek, Wojtuś
• Zofia = Zosia, Zośka
• Zbigniew = Zbyszek

[edit] Romanian

• Adrian = Adi
• Alexandru = Ale, Alecu, Sandu
• Constantin = Costică, Titi
• Cristian = Cristi
• Daniel = Dan, Dănuţ
• Dorina = Dori
• Elena = Lenuţa
• Eugen = Jenică; Eugenia = Jeni
• Fernanda = Anda
• Florentina = Ina
• Gabriel = Gabi
• Georgeta = Geta
• Georgina = Gina
• Gheorghe = Georgică, Gică, Gigi, Guţă
• Horaţiu = Hori
• Ileana = Nuţi
• Ion, Ioan = Ionel, Ionuţ, Nelu
• Maria = Mărioara, Mimi, Mioara
• Monica = Moni
• Nicolae = Nicu, Nicuşor
• Octavian = Tavi
• Ovidiu = Ovi
• Petre = Petrică
• Raluca = Uca
• Ştefan = Fane, Fănel, Ştefănel
• Tiberiu = Tibi
• Teodor = Teo
• Valentin = Vali
• Vasile = Lică, Vasilică
• Vlad = Vlăduţ

[edit] Russian

Russian has a wide variety of diminutive forms for names, to the point that for non-Russian speakers it can be difficult to connect a nickname to the original. Diminutive forms for nouns are usually distinguished with an -ik, -ok (-yok) (masculine gender), -chk-/-shk- and -on’k-/-en’k- suffixes. Names can be somewhat more arbitrary, but still follow a loose pattern. A list of common names and their diminutive forms:

• Aleksey = Alyosha, Alyoshen'ka, Alyoshka, Lyoshik, Lyosha, Lyoha
• Aleksandr(a) = Sasha, Shura, Sashen'ka, Shurik, Sashka, San'ka, Sashechka, Shurka, Shurochka
• Anastasiya = Nastya, Asya, Nasten'ka, Nastyushka, Nastyona, Nast'ka
• Andrey = Andryusha, Dron, Andryuha
• Anna = Anya, Anyuta, Anyutka, Anechka, Annushka, Nyuta, Nyura, Nyurka, Nyusha
• Artyom = Tyoma
• Boleslav = Slava, Bolya
• Boris = Borya, Boren'ka, Boryusha, Bor'ka
• Dmitriy = Dima, Mitya, Miten'ka, Dimochka, Mityusha, Dimon, Mit'ka
• Georgiy = Gosha, Goga, Yuri
• G(h)erman = Germa, Germusya, Musya, Gera, Gerusya, Gerukha, Gerusha, Gesha
• Gleb = Glebka
• Grigoriy = Grisha
• Ivan = Vanya, Ivanushka, Vanechka, Van'ka
• Kirill = Kiryusha, Kirya
• Konstantin = Kostya, Kostenka, Kostik, Kost'ka
• Leonid = Lyonya, Lyolik, Lyonуchka, Lyon'ka
• Mariya = Masha, Manya, Mashen'ka, Mashechka, Mashusha, Marusya, Murka, Mashka
• Mikhail = Misha, Mishen'ka, Mishanya, Mishka, Mishunyok, Mishutka, Miha
• Nadezhda = Nadya, Naden'ka, Nadyushka
• Nataliya = Natasha, Nata, Natashen'ka, Natusen'ka, Natusik, Natashka
• Nikolay = Kolya, Kolen'ka, Nikolasha, Kol'ka, Kolyan
• Oksana = Oksanka, Ksana, Sana, Kseniya
• Oleg = Olezhka, Olezha, Olezhek, Olegushka, Lega, Lyoka, Lyosha
• Olga = Olya, Olen'ka, Olechka
• Pavel = Pasha, Pashen'ka, Pavlik
• Pyotr = Petya, Peten'ka, Petrusha, Petyunya
• Radimir = Radya, Dima, Mira
• Robert = Robka
• Roman = Roma, Romka
• Sergei = Seryozha, Seryoga, Seryozhen'ka, Seryozhka, Seriy
• Stepan = Styopa, Styopan'ka, Stepan'chik, Styopushka, Styopka
• Stanislav= Stasya, Stasyan, Stasik, Stasyuka, Stasenka
• Tatyana = Tanya, Tan'ushka, Tan'ka, Tanechka, Tan'chik
• Bratislav, Vyacheslav and Svyatoslav = Slava, Slavochka
• Svetlana = Sveta, Svetochka, Svetik, Svetyushka, Svetka
• Vadim = Vadik, Vadimka, Dima, Vadya, Vadisha, Vadyusha
• Valeriy = Valera, Lera, Lerusha, Valerka
• Viktoriya = Vika
• Vladimir = Volodya, Vova, Vovochka, Voloden'ka, Vovka, Volodka, Vovan
• Yekaterina = Katya, Katerina, Katechka, Katen'ka, Katyukha, Katyusha, Kat'ka
• Yevgeny = Zhenya, Zhenechka, Zheka, Zhen'ka, Zhenich
• Yuriy = Yura, Yurka

Some names can also be modified with a -ka ending to add a further level of familiarity, but are not normally used for adults who are not family members.

[edit] Spanish

Spanish forms diminutives by adding one of several diminutive suffixes. -ito/a, -cito/a, -ecito/a, -ico/a, -cico/a -illo/a, -cillo/a, -uelo/a, -zuelo/a, -ete/a, -ín, -iño/a:

• Juana = Juanita = Ju
• Jorge = Jorgito = Jor
• Antonio = Antoñín, Antoñito, Antoñete, Antoñillo

It is common for a person to be known by 2 first names: José Luis, María Teresa, Juan Carlos etc. Combining the 2 names into one is another common way to form a hypocorism:

• María Teresa = Maritere, Mayte, Marite
• María Luisa = Marisa
• María del Carmen = Mayca, Mamme, Mamen
• María Isabel = Maribel, Marisa
• Luz María = Luzma
• María Fernanda = Marifer
• María Salvadora = Marisa
• Juan Esteban = Juanes
• Juan Manuel = Juanma
• Juan Miguel = Juanmi

Many Spanish nicknames, however, are or can seem very unlike the original name. Notice, however, that the -ch- /tʃ/ sound is very common in many of these diminutives:

• Alberto = Berto, Beto
• Alfonso = Fon, Fonso, Fonsi, Poncho
• Anastasio = Tasio, Tacho
• Aniceto = Cheto
• Antonio = Toño
• Beatriz = Bea, Beti
• Concepción = Concha, Conchita, Conchi
• Consuelo = Chelo
• Diego = Yago
• Dolores = Lola
• Eduardo = Edu, Lalo
• Enrique = Quique, Rico
• Ernesto = Neto
• Feliciano = Chano
• Felipe = Feli, Pipe
• Federico = Quico, Kiko
• Fernanda = Fer, Nanda
• Fernando = Fer, Nando, Fercho
• Francisco = Fran, Paco, Curro, Pancho, Pacho, Quico
• Graciela = Chela, Gra
• Guadalupe = Lupe, Lupita
• Guillermo = Guille, Guillo, Memo
• Ignacia = Nacha
• Ignacio = Nacho
• Isabel = Isa, Chavela, Chabela, Chabel, Chava
• Jesús = Chuy, Chus, Chucho, Suso
• Jorge = Coque
• José = Pepe, Chepe
• José María = Chema, Josema
• Juan = Juancho, Juani
• Laura = Lala, Lau, Yaya
• Lidia = Yiya
• Luis = Lucho, Güicho
• Luisa = Lucha
• Manuel = Manu, Manolo, Lolo
• María Fernanda = Máfer
• María José = Coté, Marijose
• Maximina = Chimina
• Miguel = Migue
• Ramón = Moncho, Monchi, Ramoncito
• Refugio, María del Refugio = Cuca
• Roberto = Rober, Berto, Beto
• Rosario = Chayo, Charo
• Santiago = Santi, Chago
• Sergio = Checo
• Silvia = Chiva
• Vicente = Vicen, Chente

Also, several names (especially female) may have their endings cut off and the vowel -"i" added at the end in the formation of pet names:

• Beatriz = Beti
• Javier = Javi (m.)
• Leticia = Leti
• Pilar, María del Pilar = Pili
• Susana = Susi

[edit] Swedish

Male hypocorisms are often based on the first syllable of the name (shortening it if it's long), plus the ending -"e":

• Anders = Adde, Ante
• Andreas = Adde, Ante
• Bengt = Bengan, Benke
• Bo = Bosse
• Daniel = Danne
• Filip = Fille
• Frans = Frasse
• Fredrik = Fredde
• Gustav = Gurra
• Henrik = Henke
• Henning = Henke
• Jan = Janne
• Joakim = Jocke
• John = Jonte
• Jonatan = Jonte
• Karl = Kalle
• Krister = Krille
• Kristian = Krille
• Kristoffer = Krille, Stoffe
• Lars = Lasse
• Leif = Leffe
• Magnus = Mange
• Mikael = Micke
• Oskar = Orre
• Per = Pelle, Perra
• Pontus = Putte
• Roland = Rolle
• Sebastian = Sebbe, Basse
• Sigvard = Sigge
• Stefan = Steffe
• Sven = Svempa, Svenne
• Tobias = Tobbe
• Tomas = Tompa
• Torbjörn = Tobbe
• Torsten = Totta
• Ulf = Uffe
• Viktor = Vicke
• Vilhelm = Ville

These forms may be quite old: the oldest possible attestation may be the name Sibbi on the Rök Runestone dating to approx. 800 AD.

[edit] See also

• Diminutive
• Nickname
• Term of endearment

[edit] References