Gerhard Lenski

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Gerhard Emmanuel Lenski (born August 13, 1924 in Washington, DC) is an American sociologist known for contributions to the sociology of religion, social inequality, and ecological-evolutionary social theory (which is related to cultural evolution). He is a Professor Emeritus at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

[edit] Work

In his books, Power and Privilege^[1] (1966) and Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology^[2] (1974-2008) Lenski expands on the works of Leslie White and Lewis Henry Morgan. He views technological progress as the most basic factor in the evolution of societies and cultures. Unlike White, who defined technology as the ability to create and utilize energy, Lenski focuses on information - its amount and uses. The more information and knowledge a given society has, especially where it allows humans to shape their environment, the more advanced it is. He distinguishes four stages of human development, based on advances in the history of communication. In the first stage, information is passed by genes. In the second, when humans gain sentience,^{[dubious – discuss]} they can learn and pass information through individual experience. In the third, humans begin to use signs and develop logic. In the fourth, they create symbols, and develop language and writing. Advances in the technology of communication translate into advances in a society's economic system and political system, distribution of goods, social inequality and other spheres of social life. He also differentiates societies based on their level of technology, communication and economy:

1. hunters and gatherers
2. simple agricultural or horticultural (lacking the plow)
3. advanced agricultural
4. industrial
5. special (e.g. fishing societies or maritime societies)

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To add to the description of Lenski's work given here, one must note that the different types of societies are not separated by technology per se, but by subsistence technology, the methods used to produce the societies basic needs. While technology alone does not determine the type of society, it does, in Lenski's view, limit what is possible. The simplest example is food production: how a society produces its food establishes limits to the size of the population that can be sustained. Given that humans, like most other species, tend to over-reproduce, population pressure is created. In short, societies must always seek to find ways to produce more food so that larger populations can be sustained, and so that draconian methods of population control (war and infanticide, for example) will not be necessary. This constant pressure to accommodate growing population is a key catalyst for discovery and invention. Of course this process is much easier to discern in earlier forms of social organization, such as hunting & gathering and horticulture, but the principle also applies to more modern social forms. Lenski argues that knowing a society's type of subsistence technology allows one to predict a great deal about its social organization - political, social, economic, and religious. Looking at the developing world in the early 21st century for example, one can explain a great deal about a developing country by looking at what sort of social organization it had when it began to industrialize. The correlation and typical consequences are uncanny. For instance, if a country entered the industrial era from a primarily horticultural type of production - its people are highly likely to have a stronger alliance to their tribe than to their nation-state. Tribal affiliation was paramount in the horticultural era. This gradually evolved into nationalism in the agrarian era - but many of the newly independent states created through the United Nations, post World War II, were still largely horticultural. Arguably this has been a huge impediment to development in these states, but one that has gotten surprisingly little attention from policy makers or diplomats.

[edit] External links

• Gerhard Lenski's Ecological-Evolutionary Social Theory

[edit] References

1. ^ Lenski, Gerhard E. (1984-04-01). Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification. University of N. Carolina Press. ISBN 0807841196. 
2. ^ Lenski, Gerhard; Patrick Nolan (2005-11). Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology (10 ed.). Paradigm Publishers. ISBN 1594511438. 

• Lenski, Gerhard (2005-05). Ecological-Evolutionary Theory: Principles and Applications. Paradigm Publishers. ISBN 1594511012. 
• Lenski, Gerhard (1961). The Religious Factor : A Sociological Study of Religion's Impact on Politics, Economics, and Family Life. Doubleday U.S.. ASIN B001EOG3R0.