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Gdynia

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Gdynia
Świętojańska Street
Świętojańska Street
Flag of Gdynia
Flag		 Coat of arms of Gdynia
Coat of arms
Motto: Gdynia - miasto z morza i marzeń
(Gdynia - a city built of sea and dreams)
Gdynia is located in Poland
Gdynia
Gdynia
Coordinates: 54°30′N 18°32′E / 54.5°N 18.533°E / 54.5; 18.533
Country  Poland
Voivodeship Pomeranian
County city county
City rights February 10, 1926
Boroughs 22 dzielnicas
Government
 - Mayor Wojciech Szczurek
 - Vice President Ewa Łowkiel
 - Vice President Michał Guć
 - Vice President Bogusław Stasiak
 - Vice President Marek Stępa
Area
 - Total 136 km2 (52.5 sq mi)
Highest elevation 205 m (673 ft)
Lowest elevation 0 m (0 ft)
Population (2006)
 - Total 252,443
 - Density 1,856.2/km2 (4,807.5/sq mi)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 - Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 81-004 to 81-919
Area code(s) +48 58
Car plates GA
Website http://www.gdynia.pl
View from Kosciuszko Square; Dar Pomorza on the left, Sea Towers on the right

Gdynia [ˈɡdɨɲa] ( listen) (German: Gdingen (until 1939), Gotenhafen (1939-1945); Kashubian: Gdiniô) is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland and an important seaport at Gdańsk Bay on the south coast of the Baltic Sea.

Located in Kashubia in Eastern Pomerania, Gdynia is part of a conurbation with the spa town of Sopot, the city of Gdańsk and suburban communities, which together form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a population of over a million people.

Contents

[edit] History

The first known mention of the name "Gdynia" was of a Pomeranian (Kashubian) fishing village, in 1253. Oxhöft, now known as Oksywie, a part of Gdynia, was mentioned even earlier, in 1209. It was there that the first church on the this part of the Baltic Sea coast was built. In 1380 the owner of the village which became Gdynia, Peter from Rusocin, gave the village to the Cisterian Order, so in the years 1382–1772 Gdynia belonged to the Cistercian abbey in Oliva, now Oliwa. In 1789 there were only 21 houses in the village.

The area of the later city of Gdynia shared its history with Pomerelia (Eastern Pomerania); in prehistoric times it was the center of Oksywie culture; it was later populated by Slavs with some Baltic Prussian influences. It was united with Poland in the late 10th century to become its integral part for several decades.[1] During the reign of Mieszko II Pomerelia seceded from the young state and was indepednent until 1116/1121, when Bolesław III reunited it with Poland once more. [2] In 1227 Pomerelia again became an independent Duchy. In 1294 it was inherited by the future Polish king Przemysł II, and remained as part of Poland till 1309-1310 when it was conquered by the Teutonic Order and added to Prussia (1309–1454/66). In 1466 it became part of Royal Prussia, a newly established province of the Kingdom of Poland [3] and later on of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1466–1772). When the Commonwealth was partitioned in 1772 (First Partition of Poland), Royal Prussia was annexed into the Kingdom of Prussia (1772–1918), and as part of Prussia became part of the German Empire (1870–1918).

In 1870, the village of Gdingen had some 1,200 inhabitants, and it was not a poor fishing village as it is sometimes described. It was a popular tourist spot with several guest houses, restaurants, cafes, several brick houses and a small harbour with a pier for small trading ships. The first Kashubian mayor of Gdingen was Jan Radtke. After the 1919 Treaty of Versailles and the start of the dismemberment of eastern Germany,Gdingen (from 1920-1939 Gdynia - as it was now called) - along with other parts of former West Prussia, became a part of the new Republic of Poland; simultaneously, the city of Danzig and surrounding area was declared a free city and put under the League of Nations, though Poland was given economic liberties and requisitioned for matters of foreign representation.

[edit] Construction of the seaport

The decision to build a major seaport at the Gdynia village was made by the Polish government in the winter of 1920, in the midst of the Polish-Soviet War (1919–1920). The authorities and seaport workers of the Free City of Danzig felt Poland's economic rights in the city were being misappropriated to help fight the war. Despite these demands, the workers went on strike, and Poland realized the need for a port city it was in complete control of, economically and politically.

Construction of Gdynia seaport was started in 1921, but because of financial difficulties was conducted slowly and with interruptions. It was accelerated after the Sejm (Polish parliament) passed the Gdynia Seaport Construction Act on 23 September 1922. By 1923 a 550-metre pier, 175 metres of a wooden tide breaker, and a small harbour had been constructed. Ceremonial inauguration of Gdynia as a temporary military port and fishers' shelter took place on 23 April 1923, and the first major seagoing ship arrived on 13 August 1923.

To speed up the construction works, the Polish government in November 1924 signed a contract with the French-Polish Consortium for Gdynia Seaport Construction, which by the end of 1925 had built a small seven-metre-deep harbour, the south pier, part of the north pier, a railway, and had also ordered the trans-shipment equipment. The works were going more slowly than expected, however. They accelerated only after May 1926, because of an increase in Polish exports by sea, economic prosperity, the outbreak of the German–Polish trade war which reverted most Polish international trade to sea routes, and also thanks to the personal engagement of Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski, Polish Minister of Industry and Trade, also responsible for construction of Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy. Till the end of 1930 docks, piers, breakwaters and many auxiliary and industrial installations were constructed (such as depots, trans-shipment equipment, and a rice processing factory) or started (such as a large clod room).

Trans-shipments rose from 10,000 tons (1924) to 2,923,000 tons (1929). At this time Gdynia was the only transit and special seaport designed for coal exports. In the years 1931–1939 the Gdynia harbour was further extended to become a universal seaport. In 1938 Gdynia was the largest and most modern seaport on the Baltic Sea, as well as the tenth biggest in Europe. The trans-shipments rose to 8.7 million tons, which was 46% of Polish foreign trade. In 1938 the Gdynia shipyard started to build its first full-sea ship, the Olza.

Marina in Gdynia.
Marina in Gdynia.

[edit] Construction of the city

The city was constructed later than the seaport. In 1925 a special committee was inaugurated to build the city; city expansion plans were designed and city rights were granted in 1926, and tax privileges were granted for investors in 1927. The city started to grow significantly after 1928 and the population grew rapidly to over 120,000 in 1939.

In 1930 the Baltic Institute in Toruń, an institution designed to research Polish heritage in Pomerania, opened its branch in Gdynia.

[edit] Gdynia during World War II (1939–1945)

The city and seaport were occupied in September 1939 by German troops and renamed Gotenhafen after the Goths, an ancient Germanic tribe, who lived there. Some 50,000 Polish citizens, who after 1920 had been brought into the area by the Polish government, after the decision to enlarge the harbour was made, were expelled into the General Gouvernment. Kashubians who were suspected to support the Polish cause, particularly those with higher education, were arrested and executed, the main place of executions being Piaśnica (Groß Plaßnitz), where according 12,000 were executed. The German administrator of the area Albert Forster considered Kashubians of "low value" and didn't support any attempts to create Kashubian nationality. Some Kashubians organized anti-Nazi resistance groups, "Gryf Kaszubski" (later "Gryf Pomorski"), and the exiled "Zwiaziek Pomorski" in Great Britain The harbour was turned into a German naval base. The shipyard was expanded in 1940 and became a branch of the Kiel shipyard, (Deutsche Werke Kiel A.G.). Gotenhafen became an important German naval base, due to its being relatively distant from the war theater, and many German large ships - battleships and heavy cruisers were harbored there. Both the seaport and the shipyard witnessed several air raids by the Allies from 1943 onwards, but suffered little damage. The seaport area was largely destroyed by withdrawing German troops and millions of encircled refugees in 1945 being bombardment by Soviet Military (90% of the buildings and equipment were destroyed) and the harbour entrance was blocked by the German battlecruiser Gneisenau that had been brought to Gotenhafen for major repairs.

The city was also the location for the Nazi concentration camp Gotenhafen, a subcamp of the Stutthof concentration camp near Danzig.

The harbour of Gotenhafen was also used in winter 1944-45 to evacuate German troops and refugees trapped by the Red Army. Some of the ships were hit by torpedoes from Soviet submarines in the Baltic Sea on the route West. For example, the ship Wilhelm Gustloff sank taking about 9,400 people with her – the worst loss of life in a single sinking in maritime history.

[edit] Gdynia after World War II

On March 28, 1945, Gotenhafen was captured by the Soviets and assigned to Polish Gdańsk Voivodeship, who again named Gdynia.

In the Polish 1970 protests, worker demonstrations took place at Gdynia Shipyard. Workers were fired upon by the police. The fallen became symbolized by a fictitious worker Janek Wiśniewski, commemorated in a song by Mieczysław Cholewa, Pieśń o Janku z Gdyni. One of Gdynia's important streets is named after Janek Wiśniewski. The same person was portrayed by Andrzej Wajda in his movie Man of Iron as Mateusz Birkut. Ernst Stavro Blofeld, the archenemy of the character James Bond known for his white persian cat, comes from Gdynia.

On December 4, 1999, a storm destroyed a huge crane in a shipyard, which was able to lift 900 tons[4] .

[edit] Economy

Notable companies that have their headquarters in Gdynia:

[edit] Port of Gdynia

Cutty Sark Tall Ships' Races 2003; Stad Amsterdam, Dar Młodzieży and Dar Pomorza.
  • Cargo statistics:
    • 1924: 10,000 tons
    • 1929: 2,923,000 tons
    • 1938: 8,700,000 tons
    • 2002: 9,365,200 tons
    • 2003: 9,748,000 tons
    • 2004: 10,744,000 tons
    • 2005: 12,230,000 tons
    • 2006: 14,199,000 tons
    • 2007: 17,025,000 tons
  • Containers:
      • Passengers 364,202
See also: Ports of the Baltic Sea

[edit] Education

Orłowo

There are currently 8 universities and institutions of higher education based in Gdynia. Many students from Gdynia attend also universities located in the Tricity.

See also: Education in Gdynia

Gdynia is the surprise second wildcard city in the here and now world edition of monopoly.

[edit] Sports

There are many popular professional sports teams in Gdynia and Tricity area. Amateur sports are played by thousands of Gdynia’s citizens, as well as in schools and universities.

[edit] Sports in Gdynia

[edit] Politics

[edit] Gdynia/Słupsk constituency

Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Gdynia/Słupsk constituency

Members of Senat elected from Gdynia/Słupsk constituency

[edit] Sights and tourist attractions

Building of Sea Towers

Gdynia is a relatively modern city with large block buildings found throughout cities of the Communist era, very different from the surrounding quaint regions with many historical buildings. But the oldest building in Gdynia is nevertheless the 13th century St. Michael the Archangel's Church in Oksywie. There is also a 17th century neo-Gothic manor house located on Folwarczna Street in Orłowo. However, what attracts most tourists in Gdynia deals with its recent past. In the harbour, there are two anchored museum ships, the ORP Blyskawica destroyer and the Dar Pomorza Tall Ship frigate. Gdynia is famous for its numerous examples of early 20th century architecture, especially monumentalism and early functionalism. Recently reconstructed Świętojańska street and Kościuszko square are also worth a mention. The surrounding hills and the coastline attract many nature lovers. A leisure pier and a cliff-like coastline in Kępa Redłowska, as well as the surrounding Reservation Park, are also popular locations. A 1.5 kilometre long promenade leads from the marina in the city centre, to the beach in Redłowo. Most of Gdynia can be seen from Kamienna Góra (54 metres asl) or a newly built observation point near Chwaszczyno. You can also take a hydrofoil or ship trip to Gdańsk Westerplatte, Hel or just see the port.

There are also two remarkable observation towers, one at Góra Donas, the other at Kolibki. The third one, on the 38th floor of the Sea Towers building, will be probably opened to visitors in 2009. Gdynia is remarkable for this construction, since at 141 meters of height, it is the tallest residential building in Poland and the country's tallest skyscraper outside of Warsaw.

Gdynia is also the host of the Heineken Open'er Festival, one of the biggest contemporary music festivals in Poland. The festival welcomes many foreign hip-hop, rock and electronic music artists every year. The second most important summer event in Gdynia is Viva Beach Party, which is a large two-day techno party made on Gdynia's Public Beach, usually held in August.

[edit] Modern division into neighbourhoods

Steam train "Costerina" Gdynia - Kościerzyna
  • Babie Doły
  • Chwarzno Wiczlino
  • Chylonia
  • Cisowa
  • Działki Leśne
  • Dąbrowa
  • Grabówek
  • Kamienna Góra
  • Karwiny
  • Leszczynki
  • Mały Kack
  • Obłuże
  • Oksywie
  • Orłowo
  • Pogórze
  • Pustki Cisowskie-Demptowo
  • Redłowo
  • Śródmieście
  • Wielki Kack
  • Witomino Leśniczówka
  • Witomino Radiostacja
  • Wzgórze Św. Maksymiliana

[edit] Population and area

Coastline in Gdynia Orlowo
Year Inhabitants Area
1870 1200
1920 1300
1926 12,000 6 km²
1939 127,000 66 km²
1945 70,000 66 km²
1960 150,200 73 km²
1970 191,500 75 km²
1975 221,100 134 km²
1980 236,400 134 km²
1990 251,500 136 km²
1994 252,000 136 km²
1995 251,400 136 km²
2000 255,420 135.49 km² (after GUS - Central Statistical Office in Warsaw)
2003 251,000 136 km²

[edit] Famous Persons

[edit] Sister cities

[edit] Monopoly Worldwide Edition

  • In 2008, Gdynia made it onto the Monopoly Worldwide Edition board after being voted by fans. Gdynia occupies the space traditionally held by Mediterranean Avenue, being the lowest voted city to make it onto the Monopoly Here and Now board.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Adrian Walford, Michael Lapidge,Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Routledge 2000, p.: 1163, ISBN 1579582826 link
  2. ^ James Minahan, One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, p.375, ISBN 0313309841
  3. ^ Daniel Stone,A History of East Central Europe, University of Washington Press, 2001, p. 30, ISBN 0295980931 Google Books
  4. ^ "Catastrophic collapses of architectural structures in Poland". SkyscraperCity. http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?p=20126430#post20126430. Retrieved on 2009-05-05. 

[edit] Further reading

  • (ed.) R. Wapiński, Dzieje Gdyni, Gdańsk 1980
  • (ed.). S. Gierszewski, Gdynia, Gdańsk 1968
  • Gdynia, in: Pomorze Gdańskie, nr 5, Gdańsk 1968
  • J. Borowik, Gdynia, port Rzeczypospolitej, Toruń 1934
  • B. Kasprowicz, Problemy ekonomiczne budowy i eksploatacji portu w Gdyni w latach 1920-1939, Zapiski Historyczne, nr 1-3/1956
  • M. Widernik, Główne problemy gospodarczo-społeczne miasta Gdyni w latach 1926-1939., Gdańsk 1970
  • (ed.) A. Bukowski, Gdynia. Sylwetki ludzi, oświata i nauka, literatura i kultura, Gdańsk 1979
  • Gminy województwa gdańskiego, Gdańsk 1995
  • H. Górnowicz, Z. Brocki, Nazwy miast Pomorza Gdańskiego, Wrocław 1978
  • Gerard Labuda (ed.), Historia Pomorza, vol. I-IV, Poznań 1969-2003
  • (ed.) W. Odyniec, Dzieje Pomorza Nadwiślańskiego od VII wieku do 1945 roku, Gdańsk 1978
  • L. Bądkowski, Pomorska myśl polityczna, Gdańsk 1990
  • L. Bądkowski, W. Samp, Poczet książąt Pomorza Gdańskiego, Gdańsk 1974
  • B. Śliwiński, Poczet książąt gdańskich, Gdańsk 1997
  • Józef Spors, Podziały administracyjne Pomorza Gdańskiego i Sławieńsko-Słupskiego od XII do początków XIV w, Słupsk 1983
  • M. Latoszek, Pomorze. Zagadnienia etniczno-regionalne, Gdańsk 1996
  • B. Bojarska, Eksterminacja inteligencji polskiej na Pomorzu Gdańskim (wrzesień-grudzień 1939), Poznań 1972
  • K. Ciechanowski, Ruch oporu na Pomorzu Gdańskim 1939-1945., Warszawa 1972

[edit] External links

Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gdynia


v • d • e
Flag of Poland Principal cities of Poland
Administrative divisions of Poland since 1999
v • d • e
Counties of Pomeranian Voivodeship
City counties
Gdańsk (capital) • Gdynia • Słupsk • Sopot
 Coat of arms of Pomeranian Voivodeship
Land counties
Bytów • Chojnice • Człuchów • Gdańsk • Kartuzy • Kościerzyna • Kwidzyn • Lębork • Malbork • Nowy Dwór Gdański • Puck • Słupsk • Starogard • Sztum • Tczew • Wejherowo

Coordinates: 54°30′N 18°33′E / 54.5°N 18.55°E / 54.5; 18.55

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdynia"
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