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Chin State

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Not to be confused with Chinland (Zogam), the Chin-inhabited areas of Bangladesh, India and Burma (Myanmar).

Coordinates: 22°0′N 93°30′E / 22°N 93.5°E / 22; 93.5

ချင်းပြည်နယ်
Chin State

(MLCTS: kyang: pranynai)
Capital Hakha
Region Western
Area 36,019[1] km²
Population 480,000 (2000)[1]
Ethnicities Chin, Bamar
Religions Christianity, Buddhism

Chin State (Burmese: ချင်းပြည်နယ်) is a state located in western Burma (Myanmar). The 36,019-square-kilometre (13,907 sq mi) Chin State is bordered by Rakhine State in the south, Sagaing Division and Magway Division in the east, Indian state of Manipur in the north and Indian state of Mizoram in the west. The Zomi (Chin), and Bamar ethnic groups make up the majority of the state's 500,000 people. The capital is Hakha. A mountainous region with few transportation links, Chin State is sparsely populated and remains one of the least developed areas of the country.

Contents

[edit] History

For much of history, sparsely populated Chin Hills were the westernmost region of Irrawaddy valley-based Burmese kingdoms. The extent of Burmese control of Chin Hills, which never had a political organization beyond chiefs, can only be inferred from the recorded history of the region's more established neighbors, the kingdoms of Manipur and Assam. Manipur first came under Burmese suzerainty during the reign of King Bayinnaung in 1558.[2] Conversely, at least northern parts of Chin Hills were likely part of an ascendant Manipuri kingdom whose forces were raiding northwestern Burma with regularity during 1730s and 1740s. Burma re-exerted control over the region in the 1750s as King Alaungpaya of Konbaung dynasty conquered Manipur in 1758 and made it a tributary to the Burmese kingdom once more.[3] In the early 19th century, Burmese kings pursued an expansionist policy beyond Chin Hills and Manipur. King Bodawpaya annexed Manipur in 1813 and captured Assam in 1817. His successor King Bagyidaw was left to suppress rebellions in Manipur in 1819 and in Assam in 1821-22.[4] The Chin Hills were one western region the Burmese retained after the rest of their western possessions--Assam, Manipur, and Arakan--were ceded to the British after the First Anglo-Burmese War of 1824-1826.

The British acquired the Chin Hills after the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885. The ensuing Chin resistance to the British was suppressed only by 1890. The British administered the Chin Hills as part of Arakan Division.[5] American missionaries began arriving in the 1890s and by the middle of 20th century, had converted most of the Chin people to Christianity.

The region was the westernmost advance of the Imperial Japanese Army, which occupied the region in November 1943, in World War II. After the war, Chin leaders participated in the Panglong Conference which discussed the future of an independent Union of Burma. Because of the region's heavy economic dependence on Burma Proper, Chin leaders, unlike other minority leaders, asked only for a "special administrative division", not a full fledged state.

Upon independence from the United Kingdom in 1948, Chin Hills Special Division was created out of Arakan Division, with the capital at Falam. On 4 January 1974, it was granted the state status and became Chin State.[5] Today, the state has little infrastructure and remains extremely poor and undeveloped.

[edit] Administration

Chin State consists of two districts further subdivided into nine townships. Hakha is the state capital.

[edit] Districts

[edit] Townships

[edit] Geography

Many natural watercourses are flowing among mountain ranges running from north to south forming a number of valleys and gorges. Mount Victoria or Mount Khawnusoum, 10,500 feet (3,200 m) OR Khonumthung, or Khonuamtung high is the highest peak in Chin State. The state has a lot of rivers and the Manipura River flows through its northern territory. Longest water fall in Chin state is Bungtla water fall it is located in Matupi.

[edit] Demographics

Chin State has a population of about 518,144 and a population density of 37 persons per square mile on December 12, 2006.

The Zomi/Chin are made up of many clans, which although historically related now speak divergent languages and have different cultural and historical identities. Some consider the name Chin seems an exonym, given by the Burmese and of unclear origin - ... These names are justified respectively by the fact that Chin are world known for Loyalty to the Masters and were well-known for their weaving skills and have been in trade relations with the lowlands for many years. The term Ciimnuai represent sometimes for Tedim, Tonzang, Kalay, Rih, Haimual, Cikha, Tamu and Lamka people while the term "Laimi" is the most common name for Falam and Haka people.

Zomi/Chin people are called by different clan names such as Zomi, Laimi, Mizo, Manipur, Kuki or Laimi and others based on their own different dialects. Zomi is widely used for their names amongst the known-said Chin like among the Tedim, Tonzang, Cikha, Haimual, Rih, Sagaing Division, Asho, Falam, Mizo, Manipur, Kuki, Paite, Manipur, Haka, Matupi, Kanpetlet, Mindat, and in the lowlands of Burma. Some Laimi Educated leaders need to introduce the Laimi language to be used around the whole Chin lands. Some old man suggested that the term 'Chin' comes from their ancestor the great Chin from China; There's a firm prove to say the name 'CHIN' is originated form the 'chin-the' or 'chin-theig', or 'chinthegi' a Burmese word for a lion, or lion-kind, or lionly; or the Cheetah club, or the Cheetahgroup. During British rule and former used there's legends of 'furious rage' and boldness and braveness and warriors of the Chintheigs' group of people, and they were well-know to this good name. The English conquering and Japanese arriving made the Chin 'chindits' made civilised greatly.

The Chinteh people [Zomi] were escaped to Burma and then moved around until they reached the high-lands of the then Zogam, now the 'Chin Sates', Manipur, Nagaland, Assam (all three in India), Mizoram, Bangladesh, even until the Nepal land (the Gurkha gam). Therefore, though 'Chin' is not included in their word. Each tribe of Chin people has its own name, e.g. Zomi, Laimi, Mizo, Paite, Kuki, Kocho and others. These terms could well be cognates, but each has its own pronunciation and sometimes its own meaning. According to the record of Zam Sian Sang, Gualnam (BBA, Laws,) who'd surveyed the Seasons and Population of the called Chin (Zomi) Nationalities during the years 2004-2007 with the 'Zogam Survey' Researched team, the Different combination of all Chin people and their Populations are as follows...

1. In Sagaing Division - Teddim (427800 + ),

                      - Mizo (50000 -/+ )
                      - Laimi - Hakha (74000 + ),
                      - Paite (23100 -/+)
                      - Kuki (54000 -/+ )
                      - Matupi (3000)
                      - Asho (40000 -/+ ),they live mostly in the lowlands and mixed with Burmans.

2. In Chin State

                      - Zomi/Chin(375000 + )in (Tedim/Tonzang/Haimual/Cikha: 375000), Falam, HalKha, Matupi, Kanpetlet, MIndat, Pyay, Rih, Behing, Tonsim, and in Bangladesh.
                      - Plain Chin (340000 + ) all along the Chin States and in India.

3. In India -Zomi/Chin (est. 280000 + )

                      -Mizo (460000 -/+ )
                      -Manipur/Paite (312000 -/+ )
                      -Kuki (290000 -/+ )

No one can say the exact population of Zomi/Laimi/Kuki/Mizo/Matu (Chin) whilst they are dispersing in rush since the past 50 years even.

The word Tangval/Salai' or 'Tg.' (for short form) for Zomi; as well as 'Mai'(Similar to Miss) for Hakha women and 'Mang' for (Matu man), 'Tuem' for (Matu woman)and 'lia' (for the short form of Lianu, Numei, Meichia, anu, kalia). The words 'Pu' and 'Pi', and 'Pa' and 'Nu', are used commonly for elderly Chin and Chin leaders such as Pu Chin Sian Thang, (President of Zomi National Congress). The title of 'Pu' is a term of respect, failure to use it where it might be expected may be interpreted as a sign of disrespect. The word 'Pi' is used to address elderly Chin women. Different tribes also practice different ways in naming people.

Owing to missionaries' work over the last hundred years, a great deal of the population now identifies itself as Christian. A sizable minority, however, adheres to animist beliefs and Theravada Buddhism.

[edit] Transport

The Government has been building many new miles of roads in the mountainous region. Earth roads have been upgraded into metalled ones, and the metaled roads to bituminous facilities. The 115-mile (185 km) Kalay-Falam-Haka road is already completed. Bituminous roads include

  • 70 miles and four furlong Gangaw-Haka road
  • 102 miles Mindat-Matupi road
  • 172 miles and seven furlong Haka-Matupi road
  • 115 mile and one furlong Kalay-Falam-Haka road
  • Kyaukhtu-Mindat road linking Chin State and Magway Division


have been built.

ASEAN Highway cross through the center of Zomi settling areas of Madalay-Kalay-Tamu-Lamka/Behiang The sector wise upgrading of the gateways to Chin State

  • Mandalay-Sagaing-Monywa-Gangaw-Haka road
  • Pakokku-Pauk-Tabyin-Kyaukhtu-Mindat road


is in progress at present.

The Kyaukhtu Airport, built by Directorate of Military Engineers of the Ministry of Defence in Kyaukhtu, Saw Township, Gangaw District, Magway Division, was commissioned into service on July 10, 2004. The airport has helped develop the transport sector of southern Chin State linking Yaw and Pakokku regions in Magway Division. Cars can reach Kanpetlet, Mindat and Matupi in southern Chin State from Kyaukhtu via Saw.

In 1988, the state has two over 180-foot (55 m) bridges:

  • 270 foot Natzan Bridge in Tonzang Township
  • 240 foot Lemyo Bridge in Matupi Township.

The Military Government has built the 340-foot (100 m) Var Bridge across Manipura River on Kalay-Haka Road in Falam Township in 1998 and 480-foot (150 m) 'ManSuanglei' Bridge across River Manipura on Tiddim-Kaptel-Reh Lake road in Tiddim District in 2002. The 460-foot (140 m) Manhsaung Bridge is being built across Manipura River on Tiddim-Reh Lake section.

[edit] List of bridges in Chin State

[edit] Communication

Development in the communication sector of Chin State

"Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2006)

Subject Count 1988 31-12-2006 Progress
Post Office office 29 45 16
Telegraph Office office 11 24 13
computer offices/trainings

1.Vontawi Compute in Sakollam_PaNangSuanGin 2.Will Computer in Lawibual
Facsimile 22 22
Computer telegraph 3 3
Telephone
-telephone office office 8 29 21
-telephone line line 3390 4519 1129
-exchange exchange 8 18 10
-direct line line 2431 3402 3159
-auto/manual phone phone 2431 3402 3159
Microwave station station 5 5
Rural telephone exchange exchange 11 11
e-Mail/Internet 12 12
Satellite station
-VSAT station 1 1
-MPT satellite Terminal station 15 15

[edit] Electricity

The effective utilization of land and water resources in the state has helped develop the power generation capacity of the state.

In 1988, the state has four small scale hydro-power stations

  • the Zarlwi in Tiddim Township
  • the Daungvar in Haka Towhship
  • the Ngasitvar in Falam Township
  • the Paletwa in Paletwa Township.

The Military Government has built another 12 diesel power stations and six new hydel power plants, helping increase the power consumption of the state.

The four new hydraulic power plants are

  • the 0.2 megawatt Namhlaung Creek plant in Matupi Township
  • the 0.6 megawatt Laingva plant in Falam Township
  • the 0.2 megawatt Htweehsaung plant in Tonzang Township
  • the 0.2 megawatt Chichaung plant in Mindat Township.

The Manipura Multipurpose Dam Project will be implemented in chin State. The Table informs the reader about the development of the state's electricity sector.
Development in the electric power sector of Chin State

"Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2006)"

Subject Count 1988 31-12-2006 Progress
Electricity consumption unit (in million) 1.552 5.736 4.184
Maximum power megawatt 2.000 2.217 0.217
Installed power megawatt 2.709 5.787 3.078
Extend generating of electricity
-Hydel power plant completed Plant 4 10 6
-Small (up to 1 megawatt) Plant 4 10 6
-Diesel used plant Plant 19 31 12
-Private Plant Plant 0 99 99

[edit] List of Hydel Power Plants

  • Zalwi 0.40 megawatt
  • Donghpa 0.40 megawatt
  • Ngasithpa 1.00 megawatt
  • Paletwa 0.05 megawatt
  • Nanlaungchaung 0.20megawatt
  • Laiva 0.60 megawatt
  • Htwihsaung 0.20 megawatt
  • Chichaung 0.20 megawatt
  • Thinthe 0.05 megawatt
  • Linebon 0.05 megawatt

[edit] Industrial Sector

Due to the facilitation of the transport and communication sectors and increase in the power generation in the state, many new private industries have emerged in the region. The state now has 522 private industires, 179 more than 343 in 1988. The number of State owned industries has now reached nine from five in the past. The Government has been striving to develop the industrial sector of the state which will become a major tea-growing region in the future.

"Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2006)"

Subject Count 1988 31-12-2006 Progress
Upgrading of industrial power Industry
-Private industry industry 343 522 179
-Cottage industry industry 0 2 2
-State owned industry industry 5 9 4

[edit] Education

See also: List of universities in Chin State

According to official statistics,[6] Chin State had only 25 high schools in 2003. The state does not have any colleges or universities. Students have to go outside the state to pursue higher education. The majority attend university in Kalay, Sagaing Division.

AY 2002-2003 Primary Middle High
Schools 1058 83 25
Teachers 2708 818 333
Students 66,000 30,600 9900

[edit] Health care

The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The health care infrastructure outside of Yangon and Mandalay is extremely poor. Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. The following is a summary of the public health system in the state.[7]

2002-2003 # Hospitals # Beds
Specialist hospitals 0 0
General hospitals with specialist services 1 150
General hospitals 9 314
Health clinics 12 192
Total 22 656

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b "Union of Myanmar". City Population. http://www.citypopulation.de/Myanmar.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-10. 
  2. ^ Maung Htin Aung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. p. 117. 
  3. ^ Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre (1967). History of Burma (2 ed.). London: Sunil Gupta. p. 167. 
  4. ^ Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre (1967). History of Burma (2 ed.). London: Sunil Gupta. p. 233-235. 
  5. ^ a b "Myanmar Divisions". Statoids. http://www.statoids.com/umm.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-10. 
  6. ^ "Education statistics by level and by State and Division". Myanmar Central Statistical Organization. http://www.etrademyanmar.com/STATS/s1701.htm. Retrieved on 2009-04-19. 
  7. ^ "Hospitals and Dispensaries by State and Division". Myanmar Central Statistical Organization. http://www.etrademyanmar.com/STATS/s0413.htm. Retrieved on 2009-04-19. 

[edit] External links

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